发信人: FEM (Finite Element Method), 信区: DC
标 题: 9.11反思(1)
发信站: BBS 水木清华站 (Mon Jan 21 23:18:14 2002)
The first 767 plowed into the north tower at 8:48 a.m., the second banked
into the south tower at 9:03 a.m.: two commercial airliners commandeered into
the twin towers of New York’s World Trade Center by hijackers—their
mission: the towers’ destruction. American Airlines flight 11, en route from
Boston to Los Angeles with 92 people aboard, struck the north tower; United
Airlines flight 175, en route from Boston to Los Angeles with 65 people aboard,
struck the south tower. Both planes exploded on impact, and the 24,000 gal
(90,840 L) of fuel each was carrying stoked the infernos ignited by the
crashes.
It was a ghastly event, now seared into the collective consciousness of the
millions of people across the globe who witnessed it: a terrorist attack on
two highly celebrated and densely populated cathedrals of American
achievement. It was unthinkable. Unconscionable. An abomination of staggering
proportions that stunned the civilized world.
And then the unimaginable happened: At 9:59 a.m. the south tower collapsed,
and at 10:28 a.m. the north tower followed suit—dissolving in a cataclysm
that would ultimately engulf as many as 5,000 human lives.
The atrocity unfolding on the outskirts of the nation’s capital was every
bit as horrifying: At 9:40 a.m. the Pentagon, too, was attacked by terrorists
using a hijacked commercial jet as their weapon, and a fourth hijacked
airliner was reportedly heading for Washington, its target unknown. American
Airlines flight 77, a Boeing 757 en route from Washington’s Dulles Airport to
Los Angeles with 64 people aboard, slammed into Wedge 1 on the west face of
the Pentagon, exploding on a diagonal path that penetrated Wedge 2. Portions
of Wedge 1 were destroyed on impact and the remainder of this segment
suffered heavy damage; Wedge 2 suffered significant fire and water damage. But
the Pentagon survived the attack, and the lives lost numbered fewer than 200.
That the Pentagon sustained the hit and ensuing fires with far less damage
and loss of life than the terrorists might have anticipated was due in large
part to the facts that renovation of Wedge 1—an undertaking that
substantially fortified that segment—was within days of completion, and that
Wedge 2, about to undergo renovation, had been vacated.
The fourth hijacked plane never made it to Washington. United Airlines
flight 93, a Boeing 757 en route from Newark, New Jersey, to San Francisco
with 45 people aboard, crashed in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, at 10:37 a.m.
after passengers challenged the hijackers for control of the plane.
All on board were killed.
Civil engineers were among the first on the scene at both disasters and have
remained on the scene around the clock ever since. Initially they provided
indispensable assistance in the rescue and recovery efforts. Now they are
studying the disasters to determine what lessons can be learned from the
destruction at both sites. Foremost among these engineers are members of the
two building performance study teams assembled by ASCE to assess the collapses
at the World Trade Center and the damage inflicted on the Pentagon. On
October 9 ASCE established a critical infrastructure response initiative to
formulate strategies and guidelines for assessing the vulnerability of the
nation’s infrastructure to future attacks.
The horrors of September 11 beggar our notions of evil, and the aftermath of
these attacks is nearly as distressing as were the events themselves. The
human toll exacted is still being tallied, and in both physical and emotional
terms that tally is enormous. The recovery and cleanup processes are
overwhelming in scope: So total was the destruction of the World Trade Center
that it would no longer qualify as a place if not for the numbing reality
that it is hallowed ground, a mass grave for the thousands of people funneled
into the abyss.
In the wake of September 11 we have coined a term that encapsulates the
events of that day, the horrors of that day, the losses, sorrow, anguish,
fear, and rage of that day—the unspeakable hideousness of it all. That term
is “September eleventh.” September eleventh assaulted the American psyche
in ways it had never before been assaulted. Yet the American spirit survived
September eleventh fully intact and has held strong in the days since.
Among those who have led and continue to lead America beyond September
eleventh are civil engineers. As this special report explains, they have
worked both disaster sites day and night since September eleventh—first to
gauge the stability of structures for rescue workers and then to evaluate
the performance of structures during the disasters so that any lessons learned
from the behavior of the structures can be used to advantage in future design
and construction. Next they will consider the broader issue of the future of
our infrastructure, addressing the problem of our deteriorating infrastructure
and assessing the vulnerability of this infrastructure—and that of any future
infrastructure—to both natural and man-made disasters.
This report, however, provides only an overview of their efforts. No article
confined to a dozen or so pages could begin to articulate the full measure
of their contributions. But it does make clear that they are indeed
conspicuous among those writing the first pages in a new chapter in our
history—the chapter that opened with September eleventh.
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