发信人: FEM (Finite Element Method), 信区: DC
标 题: 9.11反思(2)
发信站: BBS 水木清华站 (Mon Jan 21 23:27:28 2002)
September 11, 2001, was the 60th anniversary of the
commencement of the Pentagon's construction, and a number
of those involved in the Pentagon's renovation program,
which was well under way on that day, made a mental note
that morning of the significance of the date. The thought
crossed more than one mind that the original builders
would have been pleased with the work now in progress.
The Pentagon renovation program constitutes one of the
most ambitious, complex, and challenging construction
undertakings in contemporary history and, once complete,
will make the headquarters of the United States military
structurally sounder and more secure. (See "The Pentagon
Project," Civil Engineering, June 2001.) All involved in
the effort were proud that it was approaching its first
major landmark: The renovation of Wedge 1-the first of
the five structural wedges to be renovated-was just five
days short of completion and most of its occupants had
moved back in; Wedge 2 had been vacated in preparation
for the renovation work soon to begin on that segment.
The Pentagon trembled from the impact, just as the World
Trade Center towers had trembled from the impact of each
plane. But this strike would not inflict the scope of
damage or loss of life sustained in New York. The World
Trade Center towers rose 110 stories, and each tower had
been struck at a highly vulnerable point-a point at which
the impacted area might not easily have supported the
weight above it, particularly following the structural
weakening that most likely resulted from fire. The
Pentagon, in contrast, is an immense, squat, five-story
concrete structure that was struck in a segment that had
just been reinforced. Still, the strike demolished a
significant portion of Wedge 1, and the smoke produced by
the fires shooting through the corridors of Wedge 1 and
Wedge 2 made evacuation extremely difficult and perilous
in some areas.
Lester M. Hunkele, a vice president of DMJMH&N and the
program manager for the joint venture partners supporting
the Pentagon renovation (PENREN) program-Los
Angeles-based DMJM and Houston-based 3D/I-was at work
on-site when the plane struck. "Immediately following the
blast, we were told to go home," he recalls, "but what
emergency personnel didn't realize at first were the
critical roles we could play in the recovery effort.
PENREN had contracting authority, access to all the
necessary heavy equipment, and construction,
architectural, and engineering expertise right there on
the scene. Once we explained this, we got the go-ahead to
set up an operations center immediately to support the
FBI, the fire department-all of the rescue personnel.
"We tried to anticipate problems as fast as they were
unfolding. For instance, we knew the work would continue
nonstop for many days to come, which meant that we needed
to get everything ready to run a night site-generators
and lights-so that rescue efforts could continue
uninterrupted. We hit the phones, and assembled
everything that would be needed. Our modus operandi was,
What do we think they're going to ask for next, and how
can we get it here before they need it? The FBI agent in
charge of on-site logistics subsequently told me that we
turned what would have been a six-week effort into a
two-week effort."
"Our on-site information resource center proved
invaluable," says Stacie Condrell, the PENREN's planning
and tenant relations group leader. "From the outset it
was perilous for the FBI, the firefighters, the emergency
rescue people-few of them knew the building they were
entering, and these areas were dark and shrouded in
smoke. The rescue teams needed to understand the interior
layout in order to search the devastated areas as quickly
and thoroughly as possible. We provided architectural
plans to the operations center within two hours of the
attack, and an off-site printing shop worked with us
around the clock to make sure that plans were available
whenever they were needed.
"Formal, informal, whatever the route-once a need was
articulated, we figured out a way to meet that need. For
example, a lot of our staff knew people who were
missing-they had worked with them in designing their
spaces, they had moved them in. That afternoon and
evening they went through all of the floor plans, writing
every name on every desk on the plans so that various
agencies had as much information as possible in trying to
develop the lists of the missing, the survivors, and the
victims. It was a very difficult process, but they knew
it could mean the difference between life and death in
many cases."
The PENREN's contracting capabilities also facilitated
the early cleanup efforts. Explains Ed Pickens, the
senior construction scheduler: "On that first day we
discussed with the FBI where to place the dumpsters
needed to cart away debris. We discovered, however, that
the dumpsters had to be brand new because the debris was
evidence and could not be contaminated in any way. So we
had to deliver numerous new dumpsters to the site
immediately. And then I informed the FBI that we were
going to have to build a road for the trucks carrying the
debris because the ground around the heliport-the area
closest to the blast-was too soft.
"The FBI authorized construction of the road, and I
called a contractor, who got the gravel, and we got
things moving. We discovered, however, that the delivery
trucks were moving too slowly because of security checks,
so we set up a system whereby FBI agents rode the trucks
to expedite delivery. We had that road built in two
hours. And that's how this effort progressed."
The World Trade Center site was far more complex and
dangerous, however-rescuers had to cope with 1.2 million
tons (1.09 million Mg) of tangled debris in which,
wrenchingly, perhaps thousands of people lay either
trapped or dead, and they had to determine the structural
stability or instability of surrounding buildings. Within
just a day of the collapse the city of New York hired lza
Associates and Thornton-Tomasetti Engineers-both
divisions of the Thornton-Tomasetti Group, Inc., of New
York City-to assemble a team of engineers and contractors
to inspect the World Trade Center and buildings
surrounding the site to help ensure the safety of rescue
workers.
George J. Tamaro was among the first team members on the
site. A partner in the firm of Mueser Rutledge Consulting
Engineers, of New York City, and a former staff engineer
for the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey who
helped construct the World Trade Center's foundation, he
began work at the site on September 12. "We started off
in an emergency mode," he recalls, "advising the fire
department, police department, and all of the city
agencies on what we knew about the site-where the
dangerous conditions existed, where there were platforms,
where you could put cranes, where you couldn't put
cranes, and what risks there were related to the slurry
wall if indiscriminate excavation were to take place from
within the perimeter of the slurry wall. It was kind of
an emergency response in an advisory capacity to keep
city officials and all of the uniformed personnel
informed on what they should be concerned about.
"From there we progressed into a discovery mode. Our
people would accompany the rescue people into a building,
into the basements, and begin to explore and determine
the conditions of the basements so that we would be able
to better understand where we needed to restore tiebacks
for the lateral support of the slurry wall and where it
was necessary and where it was not necessary because we
had sufficient floor framing in place. Concurrent with
that, we were working with the New York City Transit
Authority in shoring up and investigating the conditions
of the subways to determine which lines were safe-and
could go back into operation-and which lines required
immediate shoring to prevent further collapse. We've got
several things going on concurrently, and we're also
working with the Port Authority on the plugging of the
path tubes in New Jersey.
"We have gotten as far as we can in plotting the
conditions of the existing structure. And we're now
preparing drawings and specifications for tiebacks and
the next phase, which would be the excavation from within
the bathtub. We've moved from an emergency mode to a
planning mode to a design mode. And the design mode will
involve the design of a very difficult excavation because
the interior is filled with massive pieces of steel in
random configurations."
The manipulated photograph of the World Trade Center site
produced by Eugenia Roman's team of volunteers was
created expressly for use in the rescue efforts.
By September 13, Eugenia Roman, a young structural
engineer with Hardesty & Hanover in Hoboken, New Jersey,
who is the president of ASCE's North Jersey Branch, was
being inundated with e-mails from fellow ASCE members in
search of some "place" where they could offer assistance
to those working at the World Trade Center site. After
seeking advice from V. Richard Mariani, the president of
ASCE's New Jersey Section, on how to marshal this
interest into some form of effective response, Roman sent
an e-mail to everyone on the New Jersey membership
distribution list. She suggested that anyone interested
in providing assistance to those working at the World
Trade Center site immediately inform her via e-mail so
that she could formulate a list of contacts. "Again, I
was immediately immersed in a sea of e-mail responses
from the general membership asking to be put on the
list," she says. "In all, one hundred twenty-five
engineers-both members and nonmembers of ASCE-responded.
I was deeply moved by the outpouring of help and
support."
On September 14, as the list was being compiled, Roman
received a phone call from Bryan Juncosa, a structural
engineer with Atlantic Engineering in Kinnelon, New
Jersey, and a member of the New Jersey Task Force 1 Urban
Search and Rescue Team, which operates under the auspices
of the New Jersey State Police Office of Emergency
Management and is certified by the Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA). Juncosa needed help. Numerous
FEMA teams were mobilized to assist in the rescue and
recovery efforts, but Juncosa's was the first on the
scene. (There are only 2 engineers on each 62-member
team.)
"I informed him that we could help-that people from all
aspects of engineering had contacted me, offering their
services and their companies' resources in any effort,"
says Roman. Juncosa asked Roman to organize a meeting at
her Hoboken office the next day, and on short notice she
managed to assemble a handful of people to meet with
Juncosa. He explained at the meeting that the most
pressing need of his task force was to somehow
superimpose onto aerial photographs just taken of the
site the outlines of structures, sublevels, air shafts,
elevators, utility lines, et cetera-anything that might
prove helpful to rescuers searching through the rubble
for victims. Because of the extraordinary scope of the
rubble, rescue workers had no idea where, specifically,
the buildings had been located before the attacks and
therefore had no way of establishing where victims might
be located. Juncosa believed that with the manipulated
photographs rescue workers would be able to gain some
degree of orientation-understand which components of
structure and infrastructure had once stood on a
particular location-and thus determine where some of the
victims might lie.
"The reason we needed this," says Juncosa, "was because
when we're searching and we find a void-which might have
a two-foot opening and go down sixty feet-we want to know
if that's to a five-hundred-car parking garage with
possible victims or if it's to an air shaft.
"We were the first team there, and because there are only
two engineers on each team, we were in short supply. I
was up twenty-four, thirty hours straight. I had to do
all this mapping and engineering, and then I would be on
the pile and be called all over the place. We needed
engineering help.
"The reason we needed the manipulated photo was that this
is a fourteen-acre site and we need to sort things
out-find things. So we superimposed the grid-which is a
very wide grid with four-hundred-foot quadrants that
could be narrowed down to fifty feet. The idea was that
if you found a victim, you could tell where they came
from."
Those who attended the meeting in Roman's office swung
into action. Catherine Britell, a structural engineer
with CUH2A, Inc., in Princeton, New Jersey, had worked as
a structural site engineer with New York City-based
Leslie E. Robertson Associates (LERA) at the World Trade
Center in 1966 and 1967. She was able to obtain copies of
architectural plans from LERA for the plaza and subgrade
areas of the World Trade Center complex. LERA engineers
helped Britell explain the layout of the subgrade spaces
to rescue workers. Richard Cassin, a senior structural
engineer with DMJM+Harris, in New York City, had
experience with and access to utility plans in the area
of the World Trade Center. (Some of the underground
utility information was found in plans prepared by
Goodkind & O'Dea, based in Rutherford, New Jersey, for
the New York State Department of Transportation for
segment 2 of the Route 9A Reconstruction Project.)
Anthony Valente, a project manager for Houston-based A.I.
and Associates, was extremely adept at manipulating
several of the computer programs with which the needed
images were produced. Peter Clayton, a senior
computer-aided design and development (CADD) designer
with DMJM + Harris, converted the available underground
utility information into a CADD overlay that was
superimposed on the aerial photograph. With the support
of Roman's supervisor, Joseph Solis, a project manager
for Hardesty & Hanover, and help from Harry Seepaul, an
engineering technician for Hardesty & Hanover, the group
was able to produce an image that incorporated the aerial
photograph and a scaled schematic of the buildings
overlaid with a grid, which delineated quadrants of the
disaster site. The image was delivered at 2 a.m. on
September 16.
Assignments continued to be called in after the rescue
team saw what "The Engineers" could produce. As a
consequence, several more people joined the group. For
example, Todd McNamara, a structural engineer and
assistant project manager with M.D. Carlisle Construction
Company, in New York City, and Jaimin Amin, a structural
engineer with Arora Associates, in Lawrenceville, New
Jersey, were instrumental in reading the intricate
building plans to determine access locations to the
sublevels below the World Trade Center complex-elevator
shafts and stairwells, for instance. Jeffrey Case, also a
structural engineer with Arora Associates, John Rossi,
the director of surveying for Arora, and Seepaul
manipulated scanned as-built prints to produce CADD
drawings that indicated the limits of the slurry wall
around the World Trade Center complex. They also produced
cross sections of 5 World Trade Center and floor plans of
each of the sublevels (B1 to B6), denoting the critical
access locations. Aleksandr Babin, a CADD designer with
Barbara Thayer P.C., in New York City, also assisted in
manipulating and modifying the schematics in order to
produce AutoCad drawings.
"Our work proved to be critical to the rescue efforts at
the World Trade Center," says Roman. "When we actually
had the opportunity to meet some of the firemen and
rescuers-some of whom were seriously injured in the
rescue efforts-they came to shake my hand to thank us for
the work we did. They said we saved their lives. They
said we kept them safe. They said we guided them through
the darkness. Members of rescue teams from all over the
country came to see what New Jersey Task Force 1 had to
offer, and they were all amazed. The effort that we were
able to muster and the work we were able to produce was
unmatched by any other agency involved in the effort.
"I am at a very early point in my career, and I cannot
believe that I was able to facilitate something so
monumental. I say that not out of conceit, but out of
amazement. This experience has left an indelible mark on
my life. I have seen Ground Zero firsthand-I have seen
the destruction and terror that most people have seen
only through the lens of a camera. I have seen rescue
workers appear as small as grains of sand amidst the
twisted steel and concrete that is piled stories high. I
have seen hundreds of construction workers lined up,
ready to lift the steel and rubble away with their bare
hands, hoping to find a survivor. The efforts we put
forth on behalf of the rescuers made us feel like we were
able to help. And that has meant the world to us."
In fact hundreds of engineers volunteered to assist in
the rescue and recovery efforts. The Structural Engineers
Association of New York (SEAoNY) coordinated much of the
volunteer effort, initially assembling five teams of
engineers from more than 20 New York-based firms. The
teams worked with the New York City Office of Emergency
Management, the New York City Department of Design and
Construction, and the New York City Building Department
in eight-hour shifts around the clock to help assess the
integrity and stability of buildings just beyond the area
of the collapses-an area bounded by Chambers Street to
the north, Rector and Wall streets to the south, the
Hudson River to the west, and William Street to the east.
Engineers used a modified ATC-20 system, an evaluation
system developed by the Applied Technology Council for
use in on-the-spot evaluations regarding continued use
and occupancy of buildings damaged by earthquakes.
Engineers surveyed 400 buildings in two days.
As of midnight on Friday, September 14, SEAoNY had
dispatched 24 teams of volunteer structural engineers to
the World Trade Center site to assess buildings
surrounding the site. An additional 24 teams had signed
up to work that Saturday and Sunday, for a total count of
roughly 150 volunteers.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers also played a
significant role, coordinating its efforts with FEMA to
provide immediate disaster response support. This support
included providing technical assistance for debris
removal, electric power assessment, and structural
assessments. Corps members also provided technical
assistance for debris removal at the Pentagon. Under
FEMA's management, Corps personnel provided assistance to
supplement FEMA's and New York City's geographic
information system mapping and analysis capabilities.
Thermal imagery illustrated the location of fires still
burning and pinpointed particularly dangerous hot spots.
The maps generated were used in safety briefings.
Additionally, Corps personnel undertook dredging to
increase the depth of the berth at Pier 6 so that debris
could be more efficiently transported to the landfill in
State Island where it is being examined.
Engineers continue to provide assistance and advice 24
hours a day.
--
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