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标 题: THE ECOLE NORMALE SUPéRIEURE (PARIS)
发信站: 听涛站 (Tue Jul 4 20:24:27 2000), 转信
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标 题: THE ECOLE NORMALE SUPéRIEURE (PARIS)
发信站: 一塌糊涂 BBS (Sat Apr 22 00:44:31 2000), 转信
THE ECOLE NORMALE SUPéRIEURE (PARIS)
The Ecole Normale Supérieure as we know it today results from the merger, i
n 1985, of two separate institutions: the Ecole Normale Supérieure of the r
ue d'Ulm and the Ecole Normale Supérieure for Girls (Sèvres).
The former was created in 1794. On the basis of a report issued by Lakanal,
who spoke in the name of the Committee for Public Education, the Convention
decreed the founding of 'a School in Paris to which citizens from all parts
of the Republic, already instructed in useful branches of knowledge, would b
e called so that they might learn, from the most skilled teachers, the art o
f teaching'.
The Ecole Normale Supérieure for Girls (Sèvres), founded in 1881, was one
of a series of initiatives taken during that decade to advance the cause of
women's education in France.
In the words of the 1987 decree which established the new Ecole, it serves t
o 'provide a cultural and scientific training of the highest standard for pu
pils intending to pursue careers in research, whether pure or applied; in un
iversity and secondary school teaching; and, more generally, in public servi
ce and administration'.
The ENS covers a vast spectrum of academic disciplines in both the humanitie
s and sciences. It does so within six humanities departments (Philosophy, Hi
story, Classics, Literature and Languages, Social Sciences, Geography) and s
ix science departments (Pure and Applied Mathematics, Computing, Physics, Ch
emistry, Biology, Land-Atmosphere-Ocean). In each of these departments, the
activities of teaching and research are closely interlinked. The initial tas
k of the Ecole, to form the teachers and professors of the future, remains i
ts fundamental vocation; but this has significantly widened in recent times,
and pupils now go on to a wide range of future careers.
Places at the ENS are won by means of a competitive examination, which pupil
s prepare over two years, after their high-school examinations, in classes d
esigned specifically to this end. Pupils (or 'Normaliens') spend four years
at the Ecole, during which they are paid as trainee public servants. In gene
ral, they spend the first three years doing undergraduate degrees and the eq
uivalent of MA or MSc diplomas before starting work, in their fourth and fin
al year, on a Ph.D. topic. At some point in this process many pupils, especi
ally those in the humanities and social sciences, sit the national academic
examination known as the 'agrégation'. Many, too, take unpaid sabbatical ye
ars in order to study abroad.
The Ecole itself awards no university diplomas. Pupils enroll at a universit
y in order to obtain graduate and postgraduate university degrees and, in th
is way, maintain the strong links between the Ecole and the University syste
m. In almost all cases, pupils go on to prepare a doctoral thesis, choosing
the subject of their research under the guidance of teachers at the Ecole.
Once their thesis is duly completed, some Normaliens (mainly scientists) joi
n the civil service and other branches of public administration; others (sci
entists and arts students alike) take the entrance examination of the Ecole
Nationale d'Administration (ENA). The majority, though, wish to pursue an ac
ademic career, and many teaching and research posts throughout France are op
en to them. 'Typical' career paths of this kind do not, however, prevent Nor
maliens with other aspirations from pursuing their own particular career amb
itions.
The Ecole normale is unique among grandes Ecoles in receiving both scientist
s and arts students. For that reason, interdisciplinary curricula such as ma
ths and philosophy, bioethics, or history and philosophy of science, are alw
ays encouraged. A wide range of language courses - not just in English, Germ
an, Italian, and Spanish, but also in Arabic, Japanese, Russian, Czech, Hebr
ew, and Persian - are available to non-specialists in the humanities and sci
ences alike, and serve to promote diversity and originality of specializatio
n. The Arts Library serves as a kind of laboratory for all those in the huma
nities and is also, of course, open to scientists. The press of the Ecole (é
dition rue d'Ulm) publishes research undertaken by both pupils and teachers.
The intellectual freedom of its pupils is one of the fundamental principles
of the Ecole. Each year, Normaliens draw up with their personal tutor a prog
ramme of work which is suited to their particular needs and ambitions. They
are encouraged to attend the many and diverse lectures, seminars, and confer
ences at the Ecole, as well as to organize and run their own. The presence o
f foreign pupils, exchange students, and teaching assistants helps to create
a fertile atmosphere of collegiality and intellectual exchange at the Ecole
. Its situation, in the heart of the Latin Quarter, means that numerous cult
ural activities beyond the walls of the Ecole itself are close at hand.
All of these various opportunities and privileges serve to maintain the trad
ition of intellectual adventurousness for which the Ecole Normale Supérieur
e is so well known, and the image of the 'typically atypical' Normalien.
Retour à la page d'informations générales
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Mise à jour le 28 décembre 1999.
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