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发信人: sunnyQi7 (mm豆), 信区: MSE23
标  题: 水平一之我见（转载）
发信站: BBS 听涛站 (Fri Mar 11 22:27:32 2005), 转信

发信人: xmsand (Sand@http://xmsand.mysmth.net), 信区: EnglishTest
标  题: 新水一之我见
发信站: BBS 水木清华站 (Fri Mar 11 12:29:29 2005), 站内

发信人: xmsand (Sand@http://xmsand.mysmth.net), 信区: EnglishTest
标  题: 新水一之我见
发信站: BBS 水木清华站 (Thu Mar 10 22:44:35 2005), 站内

朋友邮寄过来一份样题，8份模拟题，自己将9份试题的笔试部分做了一下，感觉下来，对于非英语专业的本科学生来说，难度和区分度不小，以下仅是个人观点。

1）听力

每篇材料仅听一遍，这要求要高度集中精神；听力材料内容、长度和难度都不小，这在国内的非英语专业的考试中是罕见的，也表明了水一设计者进行听力测试改革的决心。新的水一听力设计针对习惯于“听力选择题应试”的改革力度很大，对于单词拼写基本功不扎实的同学来说，可能要滦┕Ψ蛄耍裨颍继枚醯没嵝矗闯隼匆桓龆疾欢裕捅冉喜伊耍�

2）阅读

给我唯一的印象和第一感觉是“来得及吗”（对于非英语专业本科学生来说），这只能加强速度能力，就9份试卷来说，题目本身的难度不是很大，关键在“会找”和“会分析”。以下是两种快速阅读方法。略读：总结或归纳段落的中心大意、段落的可能出处或作者的写作手法等，因此，
读完段落时，在选项中要找一个恰如其分、高度概括的、能覆盖段落全部内容的中心大意，根据内容把段落归结为何种类别、判断属性等，或段落总体给读者的印象。也许没有时间仔细琢磨，可以根据自己的第一印象先看题目，后找答案。阅读时候，注意第一段的内容，以及每段的第一句妥詈笠痪洌私馓宀谩４笠獾取２槎粒合瓤刺饽浚萏庖庠诙温渲醒杆僬页瞿骋痪咛逑附冢槐厝耐ǘ痢Ｈ绻夷甏虻氐悖梢园炎⒁饬械接泄厥只虼笮醋帜干稀Ｓ惺焙颍恍枰夷掣鍪鬃帜妇涂梢哉业接泄啬谌荨２槎敛牧媳冉铣な保挂卸闲枰榈哪谌菘赡艹鱿值牟课唬有的内容按字母排列，有的内容按照时间顺序或其他方式排列，只要用目光将全文扫描一下，心中就有数了。另外，翻译一定不要曲解作者本意，一定要联系上下文。

3）作文

a. 应用文写作：水一要求对letters, notes, memoranda, reports
和notices等常用应用文体的考察，这些都是比较实用的日常问题，注意格式，合理安排格式，覆盖所有内容考点，避免较大的语法错误，注意语体的选择；个人觉得，丁往道老师的《英语写作手册》（应用文写作部分），北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1997年；傅似逸老师的《高校英语
应用文写作教程》，北京：北京大学出版社，2003年，等都是比较不错的参考书。

b. 说明文/议论文写作：

（以下是自己过去学习过程中从相关书中摘抄整理的，希望对大家有所帮助^_^）

一、题目及标点：
1．题目：
题目应写在第一行的中间。题目的第一个和最后一个词应用大写字母开始，中间的词（包括复合词中在连字符后面的词）也都应大写，但冠词、并列边记号（and, or, but, not, for）、介词和不定式的to除外，例如：
My First Visit to the Palace Museum
The People Without a Country
Rules to Abide By
Dickens and David Copperfield
What Can the Artist Do in the World of Today?
The Myth of “Negro Literature”
The English-Speaking People in Quebec
题目后不加句话。如题目的疑问句，应加问号；如是间接引语形式的疑问句（如上面的第六个），则不加问号。题目中引用的词语或文章的标题，应加引句，铝名则在下面画线或用斜体标明。
2．标点符号：
结构完整的句子，不论长短后面都打句号。
不要用逗号连接两个并列从句；应用逗号加边词，或用分号。
把逗号和句号分清：逗号带个小尾巴（，）；句号是个黑圆点（.），不是一个圆圈（。），中的句号才为小圆圈。
在疑问句后用问号，但在改为间接引语的问句后不用问号：
“Have you done your exercises?” the teacher asked.
The teacher asked whether we had done our exercises.
感叹句只用在需要强调的感叹句或表示强烈感情的词语后面。不要用得太多。
直接引语庆放在两个引号之间。说话人和表示“说”的动词可放在引语前面、后面和中间：
She said,“I have decided to take the examination.”
“I have decided to take the examination,” she said.
“I have decided,” she said, “to take the examination.”
注意上面三个句子的标点符号用法。第一句中的She said后面用逗号；第二句的引语后打逗号，she是小写；第三句在decided和she said后面都用逗号，而且引语的第二部分也用小写字母开始。总之，引语和she said被视作一个句子，只是引语的第一词要大写。
二、作文构思
作文是考核学生逻辑思维、展开和理清思路、以充分论据证明、并用规范的英语写出来的能力。水平I考试要求考生在30分钟内写出一篇不少于150词完整的作文。
（1）阅读题目，抓住主题。仔细阅读所提问题及作文要求，确定文章的体裁及主题思想，避免跑题。
（2）列出提纲。提纲对于作文是十分必要和重要的。提纲即是文章的框架结构。审题之后，从整体布局来构筑文章的框架。如果是议论文，论点确定之后，尽量把能论证该论点的典型论据快速地想出来，用关键词的形式写下来，并且按某种顺序排列开。然后作一下取舍，保留相关的，放
弃无关紧要的。可用十分钟时间构思内容写出提纲。完善、全面的提纲可使你在这个框架内填充、扩展，而不至于跑题，或避免想到哪儿就写到哪儿的盲目性。
（3）紧扣主题，扩展提纲。写作文时切记要围绕主题思想展开，用一个或几个完整的句子把每个论据表达出来，注意使用关联词语。要使文章内容充实，言之有物，不要勉强凑数。如议论文要论据充分，能把某一论题论证清楚，语言运用应得体。用二十五分钟写作。一般的作文题目（如
说明文）是要求老先生对某问题进行说明，运用某些方法解释说明。考生头脑中应考虑如何使读者了解你所说明的问题。议论文常常是要考生比较和对比两种对立的观点，考生要支持一种观点，反驳另一观点。考生应考虑举出什么论据才能说服读者接受你的观点或劝说。
（4）认真检查，消灭错误。写作文时要留出一些时间检查句子是否通顺。是否有语法错误，用词是否准确，恰当。
作文题往往是通过问题的形式出现，要求考生根据问题写出作文。例如：People have different preferences for spending leisure time. Some people are very active physically, and like spending their free time running, swimming, playing football or tennis. Other
people would rather spend their leisure time in more quiet ways, like reading or listening to music, Compare the ways of spending leisure time, Which type of activity are you more likely to choose? Why?
很显然，该问题要求你说明两种方式的特点或益处，然后提出你的观点并说明理由，举出例证。
第一步：尽快写下你所想到有关该话题所有的想法（ideas）。暂不考虑这些想法好与坏，可用词、短语或缩略式形式，暂不加以组织。如：
Active activities
Jogging, swimming, football, tennis, etc.
make body strong
good for heart
many people exercise
made friends
work together, therefore teamwork
choose your own time
Quiet activities
Calm, relax, therefore good for the mind
Group activities
Discussing, listening to music, interesting
Going to movies, concerts, etc, wonderful
Individual
my preferred type of activity
reasons
examples
第二步：看一下所写出的词或短语，再看一下问题，对所写出的进行组织、分类、分层次，划去无关的。
Active activities
jogging , swimming, football, tennis, etc.
make body strong
good for heart
injure if carelessly
feel tired
many people exercise
make friends
work together, therefore teamwork
choose your own time
Quiet activities
calm, relax, therefore good for the mind
group activities
discussing, listening to music, interesting
going to movies, concerts, etc., wonderful
sleeping
individual
my preferred type of activity
reasons
examples
第三步：写出提纲，如：
I.  Active activities
   A. Healthy for boby
   1.Good for heart
   2.Make you strong
  B. Group activities
  1. Make activites
  2. Learn to work together/ teamwork
II. Quiet activities
  A. Healthy for the mind
  1. You can be calm
2. You can relax
B. Examples
1. Listening to music is interesting
2. Going to movies, concerts, is wonderful
III. My preferred type of activity
A. Reasons
B. Examples
第四步：把提纲展开，写成完整作文。
构思在作文过程中十分重要，也就是制定计划的过程，不要以为这是a waste of time.
三、提  纲
建筑师在盖房子之前，总要绘制一张蓝图，在头脑中先构筑框架。同样，作文首先应对要写的话题进行构思，在头脑中勾勒出基本轮廓，构筑框架。首先应确定从哪几方面展开话题。例如：Advertising is common throughout the world as a way of letting the public know about a
product. Some people fell that advertising is generally helpful, while others feel it is often harmful. Discuss your idea of good and bad effects of advertising, and decide whether you think it is generally helpful or harmful. Use specific examples to
support your discussion.
Write a composition of about 150 words on the following topic:
The Good and Bad Effects of Advertising
You are to write in four paragraphs.
In the first paragraph, state your point of view.
In the second paragraph, describe the harmful effects and give specific examples.
In the third paragraph, describe the helpful effects and give specific examples.
In the last paragraph, restate your point of view.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.
第一步：这个题目要求学生对二者进行比较，证明其中一个更重要。该题目可使你想到：
I. Though these signs of advertising are often disliked, I feel that, overall, advertising has very positive results.
II. The harmful effects of advertising are obvious (提出广告有害的一面)
In general, however, I think that the positive results of advertisements are beneficial to society and individuals. (广告有益的方面)。
III. All in all, for a wise and educated shopper, the helpful effects of advertising outweigh the harmful effects.(结论)
第二步：上述每句话都起topic sentence的作用，代表一段或一部分。然后围绕每个TS开始思考（brainstorming），把能想到的、对该句起supporting details到论据或说明、起作用的句子都写下来，也就是developing
sentences，先不考虑顺序。显而易见，第一句代表Introduction，第二句代表Body，第三句代表Conclusion。如：
1.  Though these signs of advertising are often disliked, I feel that, overall, advertising has very positive result.
a. In most countries in the world, advertising is common.
b. You can see posters on doors, signs in buses, pictures in magazines, and commercials on TV.
c. We benefit a lot from advertisements.
II. I.  The harmful effects of advertising are obvious.
a. When you are listening to beautiful music, on the radio, a commercial is disturbing when it interrupts your program and changes your mood.
b. Television commercials are the worst of all.
c. Your program is stopped, and you are forced to watch an advertisement unless you actively change the channel of leave the room.
d. Most advertisements are exaggerating.
e. I think that there should be laws to limit the advertisers fight to interrupt TV and radio programs.
2. In general, however , I think that the positive results of advertisements are beneficial to society and individuals.
a. When I do shopping, I can use advertisements in newspapers to compare prices, features, and quality of the product I want to buy.
b. By being more informed, I can buy something that will benefit me in the long run.
c. With advertisements, people save a lot of time in shopping, looking for jobs, etc.
d. Advertisements result in competition, which enables customers to buy more good things.
IIII. All in all, for a wise and educated shopper, the helpful effects of advertising outweigh the harmful effects.
第三步：将上述developing sentences按逻辑（文章内容）排成顺序（不必重写一遍），删去不切题的扩展句：
I.  a. In most countries in the world, advertising is common.
b. You can see posters on doors, signs in buses, pictures in magazines, and commercials on TV.
c. We benefit a lot from advertisements.
Though these signs of advertising are often disliked, I feel that, overall, advertising has very positive results.
II. 1.  The harmful effects of advertising are obvious.
a. When you are listening to beautiful music, on the radio, a commercial is disturbing when it interrupts your program and changes your mood.
b. Television commercials are the worst of all.
c. Your program is stopped, and you are forced to watch an advertisement unless you actively change the channel or leave the room.
d. Most advertisements are exaggerating
e. I think that there should be laws to limit the advertisers right to interrupt TV and radio programs.
2.  In general, however, I think that the positive results of advertisements are beneficial to society and individuals.
a. When I do shopping, I can use advertisements in newspapers to compare prices, features, and quality of the product I want to buy.
b. By being more informed, I can buy something that will benefit me in the long run.
c. With advertisements, people save a lot of time in shopping, looking for jobs, etc.
d. Advertisements result in competition, which enables customers to buy more good things.
IIII. All in all, for a wise and educated shopper, the helpful effects of advertising outweigh the harmful effects.
第四步：将提纲扩展成文章，把各点扩展成句子，并运用关联词语使句子连贯。
In most countries in the world, advertising is common. You can see posters on doors, signs in buses, pictures in magazines, and commercials on TV. Though there signs of advertising are often disliked, I feel that, overall, advertising has very positive
results.
The harmful effects of advertising are obvious. When you are listening to beautiful music, on the radio, a commercial is disturbing when it interrupts your program and changes your mood. Television commercials are the worst of all. Your program is
stopped, and you are forced to watch an advertisement unless you actively change the channel or leave the room. I think that there should be laws to limit the advertisers’ right to interrupt TV and radio programs.
In general, however, I think that the positive results of advertisements are beneficial to society and individuals. When I do shopping, I can use advertisements in newspapers to compare prices, features, and quality of the product I want to buy. By
being more informed, I can buy something that will benefit me in the long run. With advertisements, people save a lot of time in shopping, looking for jobs, etc.
All in all, for a wise and educated shopper, the helpful effects of advertising outweigh the harmful effects.
四、句子写作
句子是构成段落及文章的基本单位。首先，一个句子要表达一个完整的意思；其次，句子要符合语法规则；再次，句中词不达意语搭配要符合惯用法，避免造出Chinglish。句子结构要完整（具有主语和谓语或宾语），力求简洁，能用单词表达的就不要用短语，能用简单句表达的就不用复
杂句。读者应避免：
（1）残缺句（sentence fragment）。如：
The meeting was canceled. Because the manager fell ill . 应改成：The meeting was canceled because the manager fell ill.
(2)连写句(run-on sentence: two or more sentences run together)
Reading newspapers is a good way to improve your English, however, it is not the only efficient way.应改成：Reading newspapers is a good way to improve your English. However, it is not the only efficient way.
(3)垂悬修饰语(dangling modifier)
After graduating from middle school, my parents sent me to Canada to receive college education. 应改成：After I graduated / After my graduation, my parents sent me……
He failed the exam last month, consequently, causing him to feel sad for a week. 应改成：He failed the exam last month, which caused him……
尽量多用常用词，避免使用没有把握的词。平时应养成抄写、熟记精彩句子及常用句型的习惯。例如：The reasons are as follows(原因如下)
学会使用关联词。关联词语也称连贯手段（ cohesive devices），转承事，逻辑联系语，或过渡词语（transitions），是将文章前后连贯一致的手段。它的作用是使相互关联的词与词之间、句子之间、段落之间自然衔接起来。阅读中这类词语被称作标志词（signal
words），因为它们标志着词、句子或段落之间的关系，读者可根据它们准确地理解作者果表达的意思。我们写作文的目的是给别人看。因此，我们应学会使用关联词，使读者容易理解我们的意思。例如：
She works hard at biology. She is not interested in it.
She works hard at biology though she is not interested in it. 或
She is not interested in biology. However, she works hard at it.
表示同一或类似的逻辑关系的关联词语可以用不同的词语。如：
(1)The lake is polluted     (2)All the living things in it have become extinct.
(1)表示原因，    (2)表示结果，连接如下：
                       as a result,
                       consequently,
                       so,
The lake is polluted ,      therefore             all the living things
                       thus
                       because of this,
                       for this reason
                       hence,
in it have become extinct.
熟记一些名言、格言等。格言用词简洁、恰当，结构严谨，寓意深刻，可作为说服力极强的论据。例如：
Make hay while the sun shines晒草要趁阳光好。
Work has a bitter root but sweet fruit.工作之根苦，工作之果甜。
Histories make men wise; poets witty; mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.
                                              ---F. Bacon
读史使人明智；读诗使人灵秀；数学使人周密；自然哲学使人深刻；伦理学使人庄重；逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。
                                             ——培根
五、段落的写作
段落是由句子组成的。构成段落的句子有三种：
（1）主题句（topic sentence）：表示该段的中心思想（main idea or controlling
idea），特点是概括（general）或抽象（abstract）。一个段落通常只有一个主题句，主题句一般在段首，是一段中最重要的句子。它告诉读者你在这一段中要说什么。好的主题句有助于读者理解整个段落。写主题句应注意：
（2）主题句不是陈述事实(statement of fact), 因为陈述事实的句子不含有需要进一步解释的观点。如：
I lost my key to the dormitory.
Yesterday was Sunday.
上述两个句子本身已很具体、清楚，不会使人产生疑惑。因此，这样的句子不会传达给读者一个段落的中心思想。如果把“I lost my key to the dormitory” 改成 “I had bad luck yesterday,” 读者就可以根据这句话推断出作者要在这一段中讲述事情的经过。
（2）主题句还应起到限定话题（topic）范围的作用。一个话题所指范围广阔，主题句可将其限定在某一方面。如：
话题（topic）     computer
主题句（TS）     Computers are playing an increasingly important role in modern society.(its importance); Computers relieve people of great burden of doing complicated work.(benefit brought by computers); Computers make people lazy. (disadvantage of
computers);  I like playing games on computers.(one’s hobby); I think that computer has bought us more good than harm. (personal opinion) 此外，每段的主题句都应围绕文章的主题而设计。
（2）扩展句（developing sentence，也称推展句）：对主题句起支持或说明作用的句子(supporting details),对TS起辅助作用，特点是表义较具体。扩展句围绕主题名展开。在写完主题句后，应尽力联想能证明、说明或论证主题句的句子，而与主题句无关的句子（irrelevant
sentences）只会使你思路错乱，给读者造成理解上的障碍，使文章杂乱无章，因此应删掉这样的名子。
写扩展句的方式很多，如举出事实，列出数据，描述细节，讲述个人经历等。
（3）结尾句（concluding sentence,  也称结论句）：总结段落主旨的句子。当一段话有充分的扩展句说明或证明主题句时，你需要加上最后一句（结尾句）来结束这一段。写结尾句有不同的方式，如通过重述主题思想来总结（sum
up）这一段，也可以通过提出解决问题的方法，或提出一个问题，或说出事件发展结果。有些段落自然发展到末尾，并没有concluding
sentence.段落的结构应严谨。主题句应具有概括性；扩展句之间应连贯、流畅，与主题句关系应密切，起到支持主题句的作用，并围绕主题句展开；结尾句应自然。整段应浑然一体，条理清晰，逻辑性强。此外，学生还应多背诵一些精彩段落，做到脱口而出。这对提高写作能力十分有利
。
六、文章写作
初学写作者可用三段式写一般的题目。这是比较实用的格式。各部分作用或功能如下：
1引言（Introduction）：提出或引出话题、论题。文字简洁，通常用一到三个句子。引言段必须指出文章的主题，使推展段有所遵循。引言段的写作方法有许多。如：
（I）引语  如引用别人说的话：
People often say, “Even without going out of my house, I know all that is happening in the world.” I think it is true. You may ask me why. My answer is that we can keep ourselves informed of everything by watching TV.
又如引用名言、格言：
“ Where there’s a will, there’s a way” means that if you really want to do something , you will find a way to succeed. One of the indispensable qualities to success is a firm will. A great man is always one that has a remarkable firm will.
(2) 提出别人的观点及论据，以便在正文中通过驳论、对比的方式，来证明自己的观点的正确。如：
Some people think that the urgent task is to develop economy on a large scale.  Any people, especially in rural areas, are living in poverty. Many children cannot afford to receive the compulsory education. They believe that the only way to get rid of
povert is well-developed economy that is bound to bring prosperity.
(3) 定义法和举例法如：
A hobby can be anything a person likes to do in his spare time. Hobbyists watch birds, climb mountains and raise flowers. Hobbyists also paint pictures, play musical instruments, and collect everything from stamps to shells. Different people may have
different hobbies. People take up hobbies because these activities offer enjoyment , friendship, knowledge and relaxation. Hobbies help people relax after periods of hard work, and offer interesting activities for persons who are too old to work.
Anyone, rich or poor, old or young, sick or well, can follow a satisfying hobby.
(4)提问法  提出一个问题，旨在激起读者的兴趣。如：
[作文题]： Some people say that physical exercise should be a required part of every school day. Other people insist that students should spend the whole day on academic studies. Which opinion do you agree with? Use specific reasons to support your
answer.
[引言段]：Physical exercise and academic studies are both important in school life which play a far-reaching role throughout our lifetime. But when it comes to spending the whole school day on academic studies, I would rather make a wise choice. That
is, I would prefer physical exercise to be a required part of every school day. Why should physical exercise be required?
(5)列出问题中的两种对立观点，选择其中的一种。如：
People have different ideas about how students should spend their4 school days. Some believe that students should spend the whole day on academic studies. Others believe that physical exercise should be a required part of ever school day. I think both
ways have their advantages. But I prefer the latter.
作者采用这样的引言段，往生理要在推展段中论证：Why I prefer the latter.
（6）提出两种观点，不做选择。如：
[作文题]： Some people choose friends who are different from themselves. Others choose friends who are similar to themselves. Compare the advantages of having friends who are different from you with the advantages of having friends who are similar to
you. What kind of friend do you prefer for yourself? Why?
[引言段]： People choose friends in different ways. Some people like to choose those who are different from themselves, whereas others prefer those who are similar to themselves. It seems to me that each of the two ways has its advantages.
作者采用这样的引言段，往往要在推展段中对两种观点。总之，文章的开头要写得新颖得体，富有吸引力，才能引起读者阅读的兴趣。
II正文（Body）：说明或论证部分（也称推展段），是文章的主体部分。作者运用某些方法对所提出的问题进行说明，或对所提出的观点，举出充分论据进行论证。正文部分要注意合理地安排层次，使文章内容上下连贯呼应，脉络清楚，经纬分明，结构严谨，浑然一体。
III
结尾（Conclusion）：通过上述论证得出的结论（也称结论段）。简短，通常用一、两个概括性的句子。结尾要写得简洁巧妙，才能令读者思索回味、加深印象。开头与结尾的写法多种多样，但都是为了表现与深化主旨，为了增强文章的表达效果。结尾是文章的重要组成部分，一般情况，嵛惨谰萸懊娓鞫嗡瞿谌荩匀凰呈疲角桑础癰ring what you have written to a natural conclusion”。如：
Therefore, due to the indispensable effect of good habits on a successful life, people must try hard to form good habits, especially from early childhood.
有时也用概括总结的方式结尾，即写出a summary，或重述强调观点，即restate you view。
读者每写完一篇作文时都要问自己下列问题：
Essay checklist：
1．Did you read the question carefully? Did you look for the key words to guide your organization (i. e. compare, contrast, describe, interpret, support, defend, etc.) ?
2．Did you answer the question completely, and answer only the question (no irrelevant material)?
3．Does the first paragraph give the reader enough signals to understand the direction and purpose of the essay? Is the topic sentence clearly written?
4．Did you use examples and facts to support and defend your statements? Are there any irrelevant supporting de-tails?
5．Does your final paragraph summarize your main points?
   Did you clearly state your opinion and defend it?
6．Did each paragraph discuss only one idea or topic? Do all the sentences in that paragraph relate to that idea?
7．Did you leave a margin and indent the first word of each paragraph?
        Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
   xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.
        Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
   xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.
8．Did you quickly check our writing for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors?
The essay should:
be well organized and well developed.
* clearly answer the question.
* support the main statement and give examples.
* be unified around the main idea.
* be consistently able to demonstrate good use of English.
* show variety in choice of words.

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※ 修改:·sunnyQi7 于 Mar 12 00:09:29 修改本文·[FROM: 219.224.152.224]
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