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发信人: hjjnst (Rising Sun--On a roll!), 信区: material
标 题: Re: 请问:激子发光是什么?
发信站: BBS 听涛站 (Mon Oct 16 05:58:03 2006), 转信
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exciton
Exciton
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An exciton is a bound state of an electron and an imaginary particle called
an electron hole in an insulator or semiconductor, and such is a Coulomb
correlated electron-hole pair. It is an elementary excitation, or a
quasiparticle of a solid.
A vivid picture of exciton formation is as follows: a photon enters a
semiconductor, exciting an electron from the valence band into the conduction
band. The missing electron in the valence band leaves a hole behind, of
opposite electric charge, to which it is attracted by the Coulomb force. The
exciton results from the binding of the electron with its hole; as a result,
the exciton has slightly less energy than the unbound electron and hole. The
wavefunction of the bound state is hydrogenic (an "exotic atom" state akin to
that of a hydrogen atom). However, the binding energy is much smaller and the
size much bigger than a hydrogen atom because of the effects of screening and
the effective mass of the constituents in the material.
In a hydrogen atom the core and the electron can have parallel or
antiparallel spin, the same is true for the exciton and for the positronium,
but not for the two electrons in the He-atom. Often excitons were given names
which look like hydrogen orbital names, but have the wrong numbering for
angular momentum, or other quantum numbers.
Contents [hide]
1 Subtypes
2 Dynamics
3 Interaction
3.1 With other particles
3.2 With each other
[edit]
Subtypes
Excitons can be treated in two limiting cases, which depend on the properties
of the material in question. In semiconductors, the dielectric constant is
generally large, and as a result, screening tends to reduce the Coulomb
interaction between electrons and holes. The result is a Mott-Wannier
exciton, which has a radius much larger than the lattice spacing. As a
result, the effect of the lattice potential can be incorporated into the
effective masses of the electron and hole, and because of the lower masses
and the screened Coulomb interaction, the binding energy is usually much less
than a hydrogen atom, typically on the order of 0.1 eV. This type of exciton
was named for Sir Nevill Francis Mott and Gregory Wannier.
When a material's dieletric constant is very small, the Coulomb interaction
between electron and hole become very strong and the excitons tend to be much
smaller, of the same order as the unit cell (or on the same molecule as with
Buckminster Fullerene), so the electron and hole sit on the same cell. This
Frenkel exciton, named after J. Frenkel, is typically on the order of 1.0 eV.
Alternatively, an exciton may be thought of as an excited state of an atom or
ion, the excitation wandering from one cell of the lattice to another.
Often there is more than one band to choose from for the electron and the
hole leading to different types of excitons in the same material. Even high
lying bands can be used as is seen in femtosecond two-photon experiments.
At surfaces so called image states may occur, where the hole is inside the
solid and the electron is in the vacuum. These electron hole pairs can only
move along the surface.
[edit]
Dynamics
The probability of the hole disappearing (the electron occupying the hole) is
limited by the difficulty of losing the excess energy, and as a result
excitons can have a relatively long lifetime. (Lifetimes of up to several
milliseconds have been observed in copper (I) oxide) Another limiting factor
in the recombination probability is the spatial overlap of the electron and
hole wavefunctions (roughly the probability for the electron to run into the
hole). This overlap is smaller for lighter electrons and holes and for highly
excited hydrogenic states.
The whole exciton can move through the solid. With this additional kinetic
energy the exciton may lie above the band-gap.
[edit]
Interaction
[edit]
With other particles
Excitons are thus the main mechanism for light emission in semiconductors at
low temperatures (where kT is less than the exciton binding energy),
replacing the free electron-hole recombination at higher temperatures.
The existence of exciton states may be inferred from the absorption of light
associated with their excitation. Typically, excitons are observed just below
the band gap.
[edit]
With each other
Provided the interaction is attractive, an exciton can bind with other
excitons to form a 'biexciton', analogous to a hydrogen molecule. If a large
density of excitons is created in a material, they can interact with one
another to form an electron-hole liquid, a state observed in k-space indirect
semiconductors.
Additionally, excitons are integer-spin particles obeying Bose statistics in
the low-density limit. In some systems, where the interactions are repulsive,
a Bose-Einstein condensed state is predicted to be the ground state, but has
yet to be observed due to the influence of factors such as material disorder,
short exciton lifetimes (less than the re-thermalization times) and low
exciton densities.
【 在 vickyyj (hi.baidu.com/nbee) 的大作中提到: 】
: 感觉上就是载流子跃过禁带,实现电子空穴对的复合而发光
: 这样理解对吗?
--
他注定将成为一个传奇,他的荣耀无人能及。于他,平淡的情感根本不可能存在,因为他
永远是一支激情燃烧的球队。这就是拜仁慕尼黑,德国足球的王者,日耳曼足球皇冠上最
闪亮的明星。
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