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发信人: haha (等待...), 信区: material
标 题: 材料的世界--Structures of Metals
发信站: 听涛站 (Mon Dec 4 15:14:51 2000), 转信
※ 来源:·BBS 水木清华站 bbs.net.tsinghua.edu.cn·[FROM: M2-225-12.MIT.E]
发信人: stranger (???), 信区: Materials
标 题: 材料的世界--Structures of Metals
发信站: BBS 水木清华站 (Fri Jan 24 01:28:21 1997)
Metallic crystals consist of positive ions immersed in a " gas " of negative
electrons. The attraction between the positive ions and the negative
electrons holds the structure together and balances the repulsive forces
between the ions and between the electrons. The electrons move freely
through the lattice and provide good electrical and thermal conductivity.
This is why most metals feel cool.
The majority of metals have one of three well-packed crystal structures:
(1) Face-centered cubic (fcc)
In the fcc structure the coordination number is
twelve, each atom being surrounded by twelve nearest neighbors. Some
metals that have the fcc structure are Cu, Ag, Pd, and Au.
The fcc structure represents spheres of uniform size in closest packing.
The planes in this structure are stacked in the sequence ABCABC...so that
the fourth layer is directly above the first. The atoms in each layer fit in
the hollows of the layer beneath. The fcc structure has the symmetry of
space group Fm3m.
(2)Body-centered cubic (bcc)
In the bcc structure the coordination number is
eight, with eight nearest neighbors. These eight nearest neighbors are at a
distance 0.886a (where a is the length of the cube edge), and with an
additional 6 neighbors at a distance a, only slightly farther away. For this
reason the bcc structure is sometimes discussed in terms of coordination
number 14. Bcc has the space group Im3m. Alkali metals Li, Na, K, Rb,
and Cs are all bcc as are many of the early transition metals : V, W, Mo,
Cr.
(3)Hexagonal-close-packed (hcp)
In the hcp structure the coordination number is
twelve, with twelve nearest neighbors. Some metals that have the hcp
structure are Be, Mg, Zn, and Cd. The atom positions in this structure do
not constitute a space lattice (the surroundings of each point being
identical with the surroundings of each of the others), since the
surroundings of the interior atom are not identical with those of the atoms
at the cell corners. The actual space lattice is primitive, with points at cell
corners only, and the structure can be viewed as pairs of atoms associated
with each lattice point.
The sphere arrangement in the 0001 plane of hcp is identical to the (111)
plane in fcc. In hcp, however, the layers are stacked above each other in the
sequence ABAB...so that the atoms of the third layer are directly above
those of the first. The atoms in each layer fit in the hollows of the layer
beneath. In some fcc metals one can actually find defects where the
structure locally looks hcp. These defects are called stacking faults.
Many of the elemental metals have different structures or allotropic forms
when the temperature or pressure is varied, or when they are subjected to
unusual thermal or mechanical treatments. The room-temperature bcc
form of iron changes to fcc on heating about 910 degrees Celsius and
reverts to bcc again at about 1400 degrees Celsius. Manganese can exists in
four different forms and plutonium in six. Tin has a metallic form at
ordinary temperatures but a nonmetallic form with the structure of
diamond, below about 13 degrees Celsius. Several metals that are hcp at
lower temperatures transform to bcc at higher temperatures; these include
zirconium, titanium, thallium, lithium, and beryllium. Metals that are hcp
at low temperature sometimes transform to fcc at higher temperatures,
e.g., calcium, lanthanum, and scandium. Alloying elements together has
led to a large variety of metallic materials that can be designed for a
specific property. The steel and aluminum alloy industries are very
important industries. *
--
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