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发信人: haha (等待...), 信区: material
标 题: 材料的世界--Structures of Polymers
发信站: 听涛站 (Mon Dec 4 15:17:06 2000), 转信
※ 来源:·BBS 水木清华站 bbs.net.tsinghua.edu.cn·[FROM: M2-225-12.MIT.E]
发信人: stranger (???), 信区: Materials
标 题: 材料的世界--Structures of Polymers
发信站: BBS 水木清华站 (Fri Jan 24 01:31:35 1997)
A polymer is a large molecule built up by the repetition of small, simple
chemical units. In some cases the repetition is linear, much as a chain is
built up from its links. In other cases the chains are branched or
interconnected to form three-dimensional networks. The repeat unit of the
polymer is usually equivalent or nearly equivalent to the monomer, or
starting material from which the polymer is formed. The length of the
polymer chain is specified by the number of repeat units in the chain. This
is called the degree of polymerization (DP). The molecular weight of the
polymer is the product of the molecular weight of the repeat unit and the
degree of polymerization. Most high polymers useful for plastics, rubbers
or fibers have molecular weights between 10,000 and 1,000,000.
The formation of larger molecules from smaller ones is known as
polymerization. The processes of polymerization are divided into two
groups:
Condensation or Step-Reaction Polymerization
Addition or Chain-Reaction Polymerization
In some types of plastics, polymerization produces cross-linking between
the long chain molecules. Cross linkage produces thermosetting plastics
which are hardened permanently by heat. These plastics will remain
permanently hard and will not soften upon subsequent heating. Plastics
which are not cross linked are known as thermoplastics. Thermoplastics
can be softened upon heating and hardened upon cooling; this cycle can be
repeated indefinitely. Another type of polymer is the elastomers.
Elastomers such as rubber can be stretched to many times their initial
length and still spring back to their original length when released. Some
types of thermosetting plastics are polyesters, amines, and urethanes.
Polyamides, polyethylenes, and polystyrenes are all examples of
thermoplastics.
Many polymers, including most fibers, are partially crystalline. However,
polymers are never fully crystalline. Typical crystalline polymers are
those whose molecules are chemically and geometrically regular in
structure. Occasional irregularities such as chain branching in
polyethylene limit the extent of crystallization.
Almost 53 billion pounds (20 million tons) of synthetic polymers are
produced annually in the United States and the growth of the industry is
continuing at a faster rate than any other industry. The 53 billion pounds
translates to over 200 pounds of synthetic polymers for every man,
woman, and child in the United States. *
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