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发信人: haha (等待...), 信区: material
标 题: 材料的世界--Pure Element Semiconductors
发信站: 听涛站 (Mon Dec 4 15:25:33 2000), 转信
发信人: stranger (???), 信区: Materials
标 题: 材料的世界--Pure Element Semiconductors
发信站: BBS 水木清华站 (Fri Jan 24 01:38:46 1997)
Pure Element Semiconductors
Some semiconducting elements are boron, carbon, silicon, germanium, tin,
phosphorus, and arsenic. Silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge) are the most
frequently used elemental semiconductors. They have been widely used
for X-ray and gamma-ray radiation detectors. Si and Ge crystallize in the
diamond-cubic structure. This structure has a
face-centered cubic lattice, with two atoms per lattice point. Each atom is
linked tetrahedrally to four other atoms.
Silicon is the most widespread semiconductor used for digital electronics
because Si is cheap and abundant, it is structurally robust, and from an
environmental point of view, it is relatively harmless. Silicon is mainly
found in the form of its oxides. These can be reduced in a furnace with
carbon, at about 1,450 degrees Celsius, to produce 98% pure
metallurgical-grade silicon. As little as one part per million of an
impurity in silicon has a profound effect on its electrical properties. A
typical requirement for the starting material might be less than one
impurity atom per one billion silicon atoms. So the commercially
produced silicon requires considerable purification before use. For
integrated circuit technology, it is of great importance to produce
dislocation free crystals. Dislocation-free crystal of silicon were first
grown in 1960. They were probably the most perfect crystals ever grown.
The crystal must also have a defect-free surface. It is possible to improve
the crystal perfection by growing on to the surface a thin, single-crystal
layer by the process known as epitaxy. In this, atoms are deposited on to
the crystal surface such that each atom will find its correct crystal lattice
position where it forms bonds with the atoms in the solid surface.
Epitaxial growth is an ideal starting point for the fabrication of diodes and
transistors.
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※ 来源:.听涛站 cces.net.[FROM: 匿名天使的家]
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