material 版 (精华区)
发信人: ZhouHui (cpu!ccppuu!), 信区: material
标 题: Classes of Materials
发信站: 听涛站 (Sat Mar 24 17:24:26 2001), 转信
METALS:
Metals are chemical elements which form solids that are opaque,
lustrous, good conductors of electricity and heat, and when polished,
good reflectors of light. Most metals are strong, ductile, and
malleable, and, in general, of high density. Metals are the primary
structural materials of technology, and include the great range of
iron-based alloys (e.g. cast iron, plain carbon steels, alloy steels).
CERAMICS:
This class may be defined as any inorganic, nonmetallic solids
processed or used at high temperatures. We immediately think of
such things as pottery, sanitary whiteware, tiles, table china, etc. We
often overlook the the more " high tech " applications of oxides,
carbides and nitrides. Many of these are of great industrial interest.
carbides and nitrides. Many of these are of great industrial interest.
Ceramics also include materials such as glass, graphite, and cement
(concrete).
SEMICONDUCTORS:
This is a special category of non-metallic inorganic material. They
are insulators in which the energy gap between the state of the
valence electrons and the electron states required for electrical
conduction are much smaller than in conventional insulators and can
be bridged by thermal excitation or by introducing small levels of
impurities with electron states in the gap. These material are the
building blocks of transistors, solid electronics and computers.
POLYMERS:
These cover a group of materials with the common feature that the
binding is covalent. At one end of the scale are the linear polymers
in which the simple molecules, often carbon-hydrogen groups, are
joined into very long chains by strong covalent bonds and the
binding between the chains is due to weak van der Waals forces.
They are never fully crystalline. They are the basis of wood and
thermoplastics. At the other end of the scale are the close-network
polymers in which three-dimensional covalent molecules are
formed by polyme carbides and nitrides. Many of these are of great indu
strial interest.
Ceramics also include materials such as glass, graphite, and cement
(concrete).
SEMICONDUCTORS:
This is a special category of non-metallic inorganic material. They
are insulators in which the energy gap between the state of the
valence electrons and the electron states required for electrical
conduction are much smaller than in conventional insulators and can
be bridged by thermal excitation or by introducing small levels of
impurities with electron states in the gap. These material are the
building blocks of transistors, solid electronics and computers.
POLYMERS:
These cover a group of materials with the common feature that the
binding is covalent. At one end of the scale are the linear polymers
in which the simple molecules, often carbon-hydrogen groups, are
joined into very long chains by strong covalent bonds and the
binding between the chains is due to weak van der Waals forces.
They are never fully crystalline. They are the basis of wood and
thermoplastics. At the other end of the scale are the close-network
polymers in which three-dimensional covalent molecules are
formed by polymerization of monomer units. Besides plastics,
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