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Figure 2. illustration of the first-order reliability method (FORM).
They may be transformed from the X-space to Y-space by using any of the well
-knoown methods [11],where Y is the vector of uncorrelated standard normal v
ariables.In FORM,
the component reliability index is defined as
__ =( ) (10)
where y* is the point of minimum distance from the origin to the limit state
g=00 as shown
in Figure 2.y* is also referred to as the most probable failure point.
The most probable failure point y* can be found using the following ite
ratiive formula proposed by Rackwitz and Fiessler [12].
y =[ ] (11)
where ___ is the gradient vector of the performance function at Y ,and __
is tthe corresponding unit vector. The computation of ___ is achieved by us
ing the chain rule of
differentiation on Equations (1) to (9).
2.3 System Reliability
As mentioned earlier, a laminate can be treated as a system and ply grou
ps a
components. The failure of the laminate system may be assumed to occur usin
g on
of the two definitions: first ply failure and last ply failure.In the first
ply
failure,
the failure of any one of the components (ply groups) is defined as failure
of t
e system.Such an idealization of a laminate system, pictorially represented
by a
chain of components, is a series assumption.In
the last ply failure criterion, it is defined that the system failure can on
ly o
cur when all of its components have failed. Such a laminate system is a para
llel
systems. Its failure is characterized as a progressive failure and its failu
re p
obability
estimation is quite complicated [13],involving the enumeration of multiple f
ailu
e sequences and the
computation of the probability of their union. As a first implementation of
the
roposed probabilistic optimum design method,a series system model is adopted
in
his paper, based on the first ply failure criterion. The system failure prob
abil
ty Pf can
be written as the probability of union of component (ply group) failure even
ts:
Pf=P( ) (12)
=1-P( ) (13)
where g is the limit state function of the kth ply group.
To estimate the joint survival probability of Equation (13),first the r
elia
ility indices __ of the individual ply groups are computed using FORM, an
d th
correlation matrix _ between the individual limit states are computed thro
ugh
heir
linearization at the joint point [13].Then,
the joint probability is approximated through the integration of an N-dimens
iona
normal density function,and is represented as __( ).Therefore, the failure
prob
bility of Equation (13) is written as
Pf =1-__ (14)
Consider a first-order approximation to the system failure probability
expr
ssed as Pf=__
to correspond to the same format as element failure probability estimation.T
hus
system reliability index
__=-_____ (15)
is introduced with the N-dimensional standard normal distribution function _
_ w
ere __ is the vector of reliability indices of the individual ply group fai
lure
modes, i.e., __={----} and _
is the corresponding matrix os correlation coefficients( refer to Reference
[14]
.
In general, the multi-dimensional standard normal distribution function
__
ust be calculated by a numerical integration scheme. A simple approximation
is t
assume that ply group failure modes comply with the weakest link criterion,
tha
is, all
ply groups are fully dependent. Therefore, when the one ply group fails the
whol
laminate fails.In that case, system failure probability Pf can be expressed
as:
Pf=max[P ] i=1,...,n (16)
where P is the ith component failure probability.Correspondingly,system re
liab
lity index has the following form:
__=__
(17
where __ is the reliability index corresponding to the ply group with the h
ighe
t failure probability. Thus __ is readily obtained once the individual ply-
grou
-level reliability indices __ are estimated.
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※ 来源:.听涛站 cces.net.[FROM: 匿名天使的家]
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