philosophy 版 (精华区)
发信人: thwinson (新世纪孤独), 信区: philosophy
标 题: 4
发信站: 听涛站 (Wed Jan 3 11:15:08 2001), 转信
ormance of which has never yet even been attempted by bourgeois economy, the
task of tracing the genesis of this money-form, of developing the expressio
n of value implied in the value-relation of commodities, from its simplest,
almost imperceptible outline. to the dazzling money form. By doing this we s
hall, at the same time, solve the riddle presented by money.The simplest val
ue-relation is evidently that of one commodity to some one other commodity o
f a different kind. Hence the relation between the values of two commodities
supplies us with the simplest expression of the value of a single commodity
.
A. Elementary or Accidental form of value x commodity A = y commodity B, o
r x commodity A is worth y commodity B. 20 yards of linen = 1 coat, or 20 ya
rds of linen are worth 1 coat.
1. The two poles of the expression of value: Relative form and Equivalent fo
rm The whole mystery of the form of value lies hidden in this elementary fo
rm. Its analysis, therefore, is our real difficulty.
Here two different kinds of commodities (in our example the linen and the co
at), evidently play two different parts. The linen expresses its value in th
e coat; the coat serves as the material in which that value is expressed. Th
e former plays an active, the latter a passive, part. The value of the linen
is represented as relative value, or appears in relative form. The coat off
iciates as equivalent, or appears in equivalent form.
The relative form and the equivalent form are two intimately connected, mutu
ally dependent and inseparable elements of the expression of value; but, at
the same time, are mutually exclusive, antagonistic extremes--i.e., poles of
the same expression. They are allotted respectively to the two different co
mmodities brought into relation by that expression. It is not possible to ex
press the value of linen in linen. 20 yards of linen = 20 yards of linen is
no expression of value. On the contrary, such an equation merely says that 2
0 yards of linen are nothing else than 20 yards of linen, a definite quantit
y of the use-value linen. The value of the linen can therefore be expressed
only relatively -- i.e., in some other commodity. The relative form of the v
alue of the linen presupposes, therefore, the presence of some other commodi
ty -- here the coat -- under the form of an equivalent. On the other hand, t
he commodity that figures as the equivalent cannot at the same time assume t
he relative form. That second commodity is not the one whose value is expres
sed. Its function is merely to serve as the material in which the value of t
he first commodity is expressed.
No doubt, the expression 20 yards of linen = 1 coat, or 20 yards of linen ar
e worth 1 coat, implies the opposite relation; 1 coat = 20 yards of linen, o
r 1 coat is worth 20 yards of linen. But, in that case, I must reverse the e
quation, in order to express the value of the coat relatively; and, so soon
as I do that, the linen becomes the equivalent instead of the coat. A single
commodity cannot, therefore, simultaneously assume, in the same expression
of value, both forms. The very polarity of these forms makes them mutually e
xclusive.
Whether, then, a commodity assumes the relative form, or the opposite equiva
lent form, depends entirely upon its accidental position in the expression o
f value -- that is, upon whether it is the commodity whose value is being ex
pressed or the commodity in which value is being expressed.
2. The Relative form of value (a.) The nature and import of this form In ord
er to discover how the elementary expression of the value of a commodity lie
s hidden in the value-relation of two commodities, we must, in the first pla
ce, consider the latter entirely apart from its quantitative aspect. The usu
al mode of procedure is generally the reverse, and in the value-relation not
hing is seen but the proportion between definite quantities of two different
sorts of commodities that are considered equal to each other. It is apt to
be forgotten that the magnitudes of different things can be compared quantit
atively, only when those magnitudes are expressed in terms of the same unit.
It is only as expressions of such a unit that they are of the same denomina
tion, and therefore commensurable.(16*)Whether 20 yards of linen = 1 coat or
= 20 coats or = x coats -- that is, whether a given quantity of linen is wo
rth few or many coats, every such statement implies that the linen and coats
, as magnitudes of value, are expressions of the same unit, things of the sa
me kind. Linen = coat is the basis of the equation.
But the two commodities whose identity of quality is thus assumed, do not pl
ay the same part. It is only the value of the linen that is expressed. And h
ow? By its reference to the coat as its equivalent, as something that can be
exchanged for it. In this relation the coat is the mode of existence of val
ue, is value embodied, for only as such is it the same as the linen. On the
other hand, the linen's own value comes to the front, receives independent e
xpression, for it is only as being value that it is comparable with the coat
as a thing of equal value, or exchangeable with the coat. To borrow an illu
stration from chemistry, butyric acid is a different substance from propyl f
ormate. Yet both are made up of the same chemical substances, carbon (C), hy
drogen (H), and oxygen (O), and that, too, in like proportions -- namely, C
H O. If now we equate butyric acid to propyl formate, then, in the first pla
ce, propyl formate would be, in this relation, merely a form of existence of
C H O; and in the second place, we should be stating that butyric acid also
consists of C H O. Therefore, by thus equating the two substances, expressi
on would be given to their chemical composition, while their different physi
cal forms would be neglected.
If we say that, as values, commodities are mere congelations of human labour
, we reduce them by our analysis, it is true, to the abstraction, value; but
we ascribe to this value no form apart from their bodily form. It is otherw
ise in the value relation of one commodity to another. Here, the one stands
forth in its character of value by reason of its relation to the other.
By making the coat the equivalent of the linen, we equate the labour embodie
d in the former to that in the latter. Now, it is true that the tailoring, w
hich makes the coat, is concrete labour of a different sort from the weaving
which makes the linen. But the act of equating it to the weaving, reduces t
he tailoring to that which is really equal in the two kinds of labour, to th
eir common character of human labour. In this roundabout way, then, the fact
is expressed, that weaving also, in so far as it weaves value, has nothing
to distinguish it from tailoring, and, consequently, is abstract human labou
r. It is the expression of equivalence between different sorts of commoditie
s that alone brings into relief the specific character of value-creating lab
our, and this it does by actually reducing the different varieties of labour
embodied in the different kinds of commodities to their common quality. of
human labour in the abstract.(17*)
There is, however, something else required beyond the expression of the spec
ific character of the labour of which the value of the linen consists. Human
labour-power in motion, or human labour, creates value, but is not itself v
alue. It becomes value only in its congealed state, when embodied in the for
m of some object. In order to express the value of the linen as a congelatio
n of human labour, that value must be expressed as having objective existenc
e, as being a something materially different from the linen itself, and yet
a something common to the linen and all other commodities. The problem is al
ready solved.
When occupying the position of equivalent in the equation of value, the coat
ranks qualitatively as the equal of the linen, as something of the same kin
d, because it is value. ★In this position it is a thing in which we see not
hing but value, or whose palpable bodily form represents value. Yet the coat
itself, the body of the commodity, coat, is a mere use-value. A coat as suc
h no more tells us it is value, than does the first piece of linen we take h
old of. This shows that when placed in value-relation to the linen, the coat
signifies more than when out of that relation, just as many a man strutting
about in a gorgeous uniform counts for more than when in mufti. In the prod
uction of the coat, human labour-power, in the shape of tailoring, must have
been actually expended. Human labour is therefore accumulated in it. In thi
s aspect the coat is a depository of value, but though worn to a thread, it
does not let this fact show through. And as equivalent of the linen in the v
alue equation, it exists under this aspect alone, counts therefore as embodi
ed value, as a body that is value. A, for instance, cannot be "your majesty"
to B, unless at the same time majesty in B's eyes assumes the bodily form o
f A, and, what is more, with every new father of the people, changes its fea
tures, hair, and many other things besides.Hence, in the value equation, in
which the coat is the equivalent of the linen, the coat officiates as the fo
rm of value. The value of the commodity linen is expressed by the bodily for
m of the commodity coat, the value of one by the use-value of the other. As
a use-value, the linen is something palpably different from the coat; as val
ue, it is the same as the coat, and now has the appearance of a coat. Thus t
he linen acquires a value-form different from its physical form. The fact th
at it is value, is made manifest by its equality with the coat, just as the
sheep's nature of a Christian is shown in his resemblance to the Lamb of God
.
We see, then, all that our analysis of the value of commodities has already
told us, is told us by the linen itself, so soon as it comes into communicat
ion with another commodity, the coat. Only it betrays its thoughts in that l
anguage with which alone it is familiar, the language of commodities. In ord
er to tell us that its own value is created by labour in its abstract charac
ter of human labour, it says that the coat, in so far as it is worth as much
as the linen, and therefore is value, consists of the same labour as the li
nen. In order to inform us that its sublime reality as value is not the same
as its buckram body, it says that value has the appearance of a coat, and c
onsequently that so far as the linen is value, it and the coat are as like a
s two peas. We may here remark, that the language of commodities has, beside
s Hebrew, many
--
别梦依依到谢家
小廊回合曲阑斜
多情只有春庭月
犹为离人照落花
爱与不爱是最痛苦的徘徊※ 来源:.听涛站 cces.net.[FROM: 匿名天使的家]
Powered by KBS BBS 2.0 (http://dev.kcn.cn)
页面执行时间:3.343毫秒