philosophy 版 (精华区)
发信人: thwinson (新世纪孤独), 信区: philosophy
标 题: 5
发信站: 听涛站 (Wed Jan 3 11:15:38 2001), 转信
other more or less correct dialects. The German "Wertsein," to be worth, for
instance, expresses in a less striking manner than the Romance verbs "valer
e," "valer," "valoir," that the equating of commodity B to commodity A, is c
ommodity A's own mode of expressing its value. Paris vaut bien une messe.
By means, therefore, of the value-relation expressed in our equation, the bo
dily form of commodity B becomes the value form of commodity A, or the body
of commodity B acts as a mirror to the value of commodity A.(18*) By putting
itself in relation with commodity B, as value in propria persona, as the ma
tter of which human labour is made up, the commodity A converts the value in
use, B, into the substance in which to express its, A's, own value. The val
ue of A, thus expressed in the use-value of B, has taken the form of relativ
e value.
(b.) Quantitative determination of Relative valueEvery commodity, whose valu
e it is intended to express, is a useful object of given quantity, as 15 bus
hels of corn, or 100 lbs. of coffee. And a given quantity of any commodity c
ontains a definite quantity of human labour. The value-form must therefore n
ot only express value generally, but also value in definite quantity. Theref
ore, in the value-relation of commodity A to commodity B, of the linen to th
e coat, not only is the latter, as value in general, made the equal in quali
ty of the linen, but a definite quantity of coat (1 coat) is made the equiva
lent of a definite quantity (20 yards) of linen.
The equation, 20 yards of linen = 1 coat, or 20 yards of linen are worth one
coat, implies that the same quantity of value-substance (congealed labour)
is embodied in both; that the two commodities have each cost the same amount
of labour of the same quantity of labour time. But the labour-time necessar
y for the production of 20 yards of linen or 1 coat varies with every change
in the productiveness of weaving or tailoring. We have now to consider the
influence of such changes on the quantitative aspect of the relative express
ion of value.
I. Let the value of the linen vary,(19*) that of the coat remaining constant
. If, say in consequence of the exhaustion of flax-growing soil, the labour
time necessary for the production of the linen be doubled, the value of the
linen will also be doubled. Instead of the equation, 20 yards of linen = 1 c
oat, we should have 20 yards of linen = 2 coats. since 1 coat would now cont
ain only half the labour-time embodied in 20 yards of linen. If, on the othe
r hand, in consequence, say, of improved looms, this labour-time be reduced
by one-half, the value of the linen would fall by one-half. Consequently, we
should have 20 yards of linen = ?coat. The relative value of commodity A, i
.e., its value expressed in commodity B, rises and falls directly as the val
ue of A, the value of B being supposed constant.
II. Let the value of the linen remain constant, while the value of the coat
varies. If, under these circumstances, in consequence, for instance, of a po
or crop of wool, the labour-time necessary for the production of a coat beco
mes doubled, we have instead of 20 yards of linen = 1 coat, 20 yards of line
n = ?coat. If, on the other hand, the value of the coat sinks by one-half, t
hen 20 yards of linen = 2 coats. Hence, if the value of commodity A remain c
onstant, its relative value expressed in commodity B rises and falls inverse
ly as the value of B.
If we compare the different cases in I. and II., we see that the same change
of magnitude in relative value may arise from totally opposite causes. Thus
, the equation, 20 yards of linen = 1 coat, becomes 20 yards of linen = 2 co
ats, either, because the value of the linen has doubled, or because the valu
e of the coat has fallen by one-half; and it becomes 20 yards of linen = 1/2
coat, either, because the value of the linen has fallen by one half, or bec
ause the value of the coat has doubled.
III. Let the quantities of labour-time respectively necessary for the produc
tion of the linen and the coat vary simultaneously in the same direction and
in the same proportion. ln this case 20 yards of linen continue equal to 1
coat, however much their values may have altered. Their change of value is s
een as soon as they are compared with a third commodity, whose value has rem
ained constant. If the values of all commodities rose or fell simultaneously
, and in the same proportion, their relative values would remain unaltered.
Their real change of value would appear from the diminished or increased qua
ntity of commodities produced in a given time.
IV. The labour-time respectively necessary for the production of the linen a
nd the coat, and therefore the value of these commodities may simultaneously
vary in the same direction, but at unequal rates, or in opposite directions
, or in other ways. The effect of all these possible different variations, o
n the relative value of a commodity, may be deduced from the results of I, I
I, and III.
Thus real changes in the magnitude of valve are neither unequivocally nor ex
haustively reflected in their relative expression, that is, in the equation
expressing the magnitude of relative value. The relative value of a commodit
y may vary, although its value remains constant. Its relative valve may rema
in constant, although its value varies; and finally, simultaneous variations
in the magnitude of value and in that of its relative expression by no mean
s necessarily correspond in amount.(20*)
3. The Equivalent form of value We have seen that commodity A (the linen),
by expressing its value in the use-value of a commodity differing in kind (
the coat), at the same time impresses upon the latter a specific form of val
ue, namely that of the equivalent. The commodity linen manifests its quality
of having a value by the fact that the coat, without having assumed a value
-form different from its bodily form, is equated to the linen. The fact that
the latter therefore has a value is expressed by saying that the coat is di
rectly exchangeable with it. Therefore, when we say that a commodity is in t
he equivalent form, we express the fact that it is directly exchangeable wit
h other commodities.
When one commodity, such as a coat, serves as the equivalent of another, suc
h as linen, and coats consequently acquire the characteristic property of be
ing directly exchangeable with linen, we are far from knowing in what propor
tion the two are exchangeable. The value of the linen being given in magnitu
de, that proportion depends on the value of the coat. Whether the coat serve
s as the equivalent and the linen as relative value, or the linen as the equ
ivalent and the coat as relative value, the magnitude of the coat's value is
determined, independently of its value-form, by the labour-time necessary f
or its production. But whenever the coat assumes in the equation of value, t
he position of equivalent, its value acquires no quantitative expression; on
the contrary, the commodity coat now figures only as a definite quantity of
some article.
For instance, 40 yards of linen are worth -- what? 2 coats. Because the comm
odity coat here plays the part of equivalent, because the use-value coat, as
opposed to the linen, figures as an embodiment of value, therefore a defini
te number of coats suffices to express the definite quantity of value in the
linen. Two coats may therefore express the quantity of value of 40 yards of
linen, but they can never express the quantity of their own value. A superf
icial observation of this fact, namely, that in the equation of value, the e
quivalent figures exclusively as a simple quantity of some article, of some
use-value, has misled Bailey, as also many others, both before and after him
, into seeing, in the expression of value, merely a quantitative relation. T
he truth being, that when a commodity acts as equivalent, no quantitative de
termination of its value is expressed.
The first peculiarity that strikes us, in considering the form of the equiva
lent, is this: use-value becomes the form of manifestation, the phenomenal f
orm of its opposite, value.
The bodily form of the commodity becomes its value form. But, mark well, tha
t this quid pro quo exists in the case of any commodity B, only when some ot
her commodity A enters into a value-relation with it, and then only within t
he limits of this relation. Since no commodity can stand in the relation of
equivalent to itself, and thus turn its own bodily shape into the expression
of its own value, every commodity is compelled to choose some other commodi
ty for its equivalent, and to accept the use-valve. that is to say, the bodi
ly shape of that other commodity as the form of its own value.
One of the measures that we apply to commodities as material substances, as
use-values, will serve to illustrate this point. A sugar-loaf being a body,
is heavy, and therefore has weight: but we can neither see nor touch this we
ight. We then take various pieces of iron, whose weight has been determined
beforehand. The iron, as iron, is no more the form of manifestation of weigh
t, than is the sugar-loaf. Nevertheless, in order to express the sugar-loaf
as so much weight, we put it into a weight-relation with the iron. In this r
elation, the iron officiates as a body representing nothing but weight. A ce
rtain quantity of iron therefore serves as the measure of the weight of the
sugar, and represents, in relation to the sugar loaf, weight embodied, the f
orm of manifestation of weight. This part is played by the iron only within
this relation, into which the sugar or any other body, whose weight has to b
e determined, enters with the iron. Were they not both heavy, they could not
enter into this relation, and the one could therefore not serve as the expr
ession of the weight of the other. When we throw both into the scales, we se
e in reality, that as weight they are both the same, and that, therefore, wh
en taken in proper proportions, they have the same weight. Just as the subst
ance iron, as a measure of weight, represents in relation to the sugar-loaf
weight alone, so, in or expression of value, the material object, coat, in r
elation to the linen, represents value alone.
Here, however, the analogy ceases. The iron, in the expression of the weight
of the sugar-loaf, represents a natural property common to both bodies, nam
ely their weight; but the coat, in the expression of value of the linen, rep
resents a non-natural property of both, something purely social, namely, the
ir value.
--
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