philosophy 版 (精华区)
发信人: thwinson (新世纪孤独), 信区: philosophy
标 题: 6
发信站: 听涛站 (Wed Jan 3 11:16:10 2001), 转信
Since the relative form of value of a commodity -- the linen, for example --
expresses the value of that commodity, as being something wholly different
from its substance and properties, as being, for instance, coat-like, we see
that this expression itself indicates that some social relation lies at the
bottom of it. With the equivalent form it is just the contrary. The very es
sence of this form is that the material commodity itself -- the coat -- just
as it is, expresses value. and is endowed with the form of value by Nature
itself. Of course this holds good only so long as the value relation exists,
in which the coat stands in the position of equivalent to the linen.(21*) S
ince, however, the properties of a thing are not the result of its relations
to other things, but only manifest themselves in such relations, the coat s
eems to be endowed with its equivalent form, its property of being directly
exchangeable, just as much by Nature as it is endowed with the property of b
eing heavy, or the capacity to keep us warm. Hence the enigmatical character
of the equivalent form which escapes the notice of the bourgeois political
economist, until this form, completely developed, confronts him in the shape
of money. He then seeks to explain away the mystical character of gold and
silver, by substituting for them less dazzling commodities, and by reciting,
with ever renewed satisfaction, the catalogue of all possible commodities w
hich at one time or another have played the part of equivalent. He has not t
he least suspicion that the most simple expression of value, such as 20 yds.
of linen = 1 coat, already propounds the riddle of the equivalent form for
our solution.
The body of the commodity that serves as the equivalent, figures as the mate
rialisation of human labour in the abstract, and is at the same time the pro
duct of some specifically useful concrete labour. This concrete labour becom
es, therefore, the medium for expressing abstract human labour. If on the on
e hand the coat ranks as nothing but the embodiment of abstract human labour
, so, on the other hand, the tailoring which is actually embodied in it, cou
nts as nothing but the form under which that abstract labour is realised. In
the expression of value of the linen, the utility of the tailoring consists
, not in making clothes, but in making an object, which we at once recognise
to be Value, and therefore to be a congelation of labour, but of labour ind
istinguishable from that realised in the value of the linen. In order to act
as such a mirror of value, the labour of tailoring must reflect nothing bes
ides its own abstract quality of being human labour generally.
In tailoring, as well as in weaving, human labour power is expended. Both, t
herefore, possess the general property of being human labour, and may, there
fore, in certain cases, such as in the production of value, have to be consi
dered under this aspect alone. There is nothing mysterious in this. But in t
he expression of value there is a complete turn of the tables. For instance,
how is the fact to be expressed that weaving creates the value of the linen
, not by virtue of being weaving, as such, but by reason of its general prop
erty of being human labour? Simply by opposing to weaving that other particu
lar form of concrete labour (in this instance tailoring), which produces the
equivalent of the product of weaving. Just as the coat in its bodily form b
ecame a direct expression of value, so now does tailoring, a concrete form o
f labour, appear as the direct and palpable embodiment of human labour gener
ally.
Hence, the second peculiarity of the equivalent form is, that concrete labou
r becomes the form under which its opposite, abstract human labour, manifest
s itself.
But because this concrete labour, tailoring in our case, ranks as, and is di
rectly identified with, undifferentiated human labour, it also ranks as iden
tical with any other sort of labour, and therefore with that embodied in the
linen. Consequently, although, like all other commodity-producing labour. i
t is the labour of private individuals, yet, at the same time, it ranks as l
abour directly social in its character. This is the reason why it results in
a product directly exchangeable with other commodities. We have then a thir
d peculiarity of the equivalent form, namely, that the labour of private ind
ividuals takes the form of its opposite, labour directly social in its form.
The two latter peculiarities of the equivalent form will become more intelli
gible if we go back to the great thinker who was the first to analyze so man
y forms, whether of thought, society, or Nature, and amongst them also the f
orm of value. I mean Aristotle.
In the first place, he clearly enunciates that the money-form of commodities
is only the further development of the simple form of value -- i.e., of the
expression of the value of one commodity in some other commodity taken at r
andom; for he says-- 5 beds = 1 house is not to be distinguished from 5 beds
= so much money. He further sees that the value-relation which gives rise t
o this expression makes it necessary that the house should qualitatively be
made the equal of the bed, and that, without such an equalisation, these two
clearly different things could not be compared with each other as commensur
able quantities. "Exchange," he says, "cannot take place without equality, a
nd equality not without commensurability". Here, however, he comes to a stop
, and gives up the further analysis of the form of value. "It is, however, i
n reality, impossible, that such unlike things can be commensurable" -- i.e.
, qualitatively equal. Such an equalisation can only be something foreign to
their real nature, consequently only "a makeshift for practical purposes."
Aristotle therefore, himself, tells us, what barred the way to his further a
nalysis; it was the absence of any concept of value. What is that equal some
thing, that common substance, which admits of the value of the beds being ex
pressed by a house? Such a thing, in truth, cannot exist, says Aristotle. An
d why not? Compared with the beds, the house does represent something equal
to them, in so far as it represents what is really equal, both in the beds a
nd the house. And that is -- human labour.
There was, however, an important fact which prevented Aristotle from seeing
that, to attribute value to commodities, is merely a mode of expressing all
labour as equal human labour, and consequently as labour of equal quality. G
reek society was founded upon slavery, and had, therefore, for its natural b
asis, the inequality of men and of their labour-powers. The secret of the ex
pression of value, namely, that all kinds of labour are equal and equivalent
, because, and so far as they are human labour in general, cannot be deciphe
red, until the notion of human equality has already acquired the fixity of a
popular prejudice. This, however, is possible only in a society in which th
e great mass of the produce of labour takes the form of commodities, in whic
h, consequently, the dominant relation between man and man, is that of owner
s of commodities. The brilliancy of Aristotle's genius is shown by this alon
e, that he discovered, in the expression of the value of commodities, a rela
tion of equality. The peculiar conditions of the society in which he lived,
alone prevented him from discovering what, "in truth," was at the bottom of
this equality.
4. The Elementary from of value considered as a wholeThe elementary form of
value of a commodity is contained in the equation, expressing its value-rela
tion to another commodity of a different kind, or in its exchange-relation t
o the same. The value of commodity A, is qualitatively expressed, by the fac
t that commodity B is directly exchangeable with it. Its value is quantitati
vely expressed by the fact, that a definite quantity of B is exchangeable wi
th a definite quantity of A. ln other words, the value of a commodity obtain
s independent and definite expression, by taking the form of exchange-value.
When, at the beginning of this chapter, we said, in common parlance, that a
commodity is both a use-value and an exchange-value, we were, accurately sp
eaking, wrong. A commodity is a use-value or object of utility, and a value.
It manifests itself as this two-fold thing, that it is, as soon as its valu
e assumes an independent form -- viz., the form of exchange-value. It never
assumes this form when isolated, but only when placed in a value or exchange
relation with another commodity of a different kind. When once we know this
, such a mode of expression does no harm; it simply serves as an abbreviatio
n.
Our analysis has shown, that the form or expression of the value of a commod
ity originates in the nature of value, and not that value and its magnitude
originate in the mode of their expansion as exchange-value. This, however, i
s the delusion as well of the mercantilists and their recent revivers, Ferri
er, Ganilh,(22*) and others, as also of their antipodes, the modern bagmen o
f Free-trade, such as Bastiat. The mercantilists lay special stress on the q
ualitative aspect of the expression of value, and consequently on the equiva
lent form of commodities, which attains its full perfection in money. The mo
dern hawkers of Free trade, who must get rid of their article at any price,
on the other hand, lay most stress on the quantitative aspect of the relativ
e form of value. For them there consequently exists neither value, nor magni
tude of value, anywhere except in its expression by means of the exchange-re
lation of commodities, that is, in the daily list of prices current. Macleod
, who has taken upon himself to dress up the confused ideas of Lombard Stree
t in the most learned finery, is a successful cross between the superstitiou
s mercantilists, and the enlightened Free-trade bagmen.
A close scrutiny of the expression of the value of A in terms of B, containe
d in the equation expressing the value relation of A to B, has shown us that
, within that relation, the bodily form of A figures only as a use-value, th
e bodily form of B only as the form or aspect of value. The opposition or co
ntrast existing internally in each commodity between use-value and value, is
, therefore, made evident externally by two commodities being placed in such
relation to each other, that the commodity whose value it is sought to expr
ess, figures directly as a mere use-value, while the commodity in which that
value is to be expressed, figures directly as mere exchange-value. Hence th
e elementary form of value of a commodity is the elementary form in which th
e contrast contained in that commodity, between use-value and value, becomes
apparent.
Every product of labour is, in all states of society, a use-value; but it is
only at a
--
别梦依依到谢家
小廊回合曲阑斜
多情只有春庭月
犹为离人照落花
爱与不爱是最痛苦的徘徊※ 来源:.听涛站 cces.net.[FROM: 匿名天使的家]
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