philosophy 版 (精华区)
发信人: thwinson (新世纪孤独), 信区: philosophy
标 题: 8
发信站: 听涛站 (Wed Jan 3 11:17:15 2001), 转信
this social existence can be expressed by the totality of their social relat
ions alone, and consequently that the form of their value must be a socially
recognised form. All commodities being equated to linen now appear not on
ly as qualitatively equal as values generally, but also as values whose magn
itudes are capable of comparison. By expressing the magnitudes of their valu
es in one and the same material, the linen, those magnitudes are also compar
ed with each other. For instance, 10 lbs. of tea = 20 yards of linen, and 40
lbs. of coffee = 20 yards of linen. Therefore, 10 lbs. of tea = 40 lbs. of
coffee. In other words, there is contained in 1 lb. of coffee only one-fourt
h as much substance of value -- labour -- as is contained in 1 lb. of tea.
The general form of relative value, embracing the whole world of commoditie
s, converts the single commodity that is excluded from the rest, and made to
play the part of equivalent -- here the linen -- into the universal equival
ent. The bodily form of the linen is now the form assumed in common by the v
alues of all commodities; it therefore becomes directly exchangeable with al
l and every of them. The substance linen becomes the visible incarnation, th
e social chrysalis state of every kind of human labour. Weaving, which is th
e labour of certain private individuals producing a particular article, line
n, acquires in consequence a social character, the character of equality wit
h all other kinds of labour. The innumerable equations of which the general
form of value is composed, equate in turn the labour embodied in the linen t
o that embodied in every other commodity, and they thus convert weaving into
the general form of manifestation of undifferentiated human labour. In this
manner the labour realised in the values of commodities is presented not on
ly under its negative aspect, under which abstraction is made from every con
crete form and useful property of actual work, but its own positive nature i
s made to reveal itself expressly. The general value-form is the reduction o
f all kinds of actual labour to their common character of being human labour
generally, of being the expenditure of human labour-power. The general va
lue-form, which represents all products of labour as mere congelations of un
differentiated human labour, shows by its very structure that it is the soci
al resum?of the world of commodities. That form consequently makes it indisp
utably evident that in the world of commodities the character possessed by a
ll labour of being human labour constitutes its specific social character.
2. The interdependent development of the Relative form of value, and of the
Equivalent form
The degree of development of the relative form of value corresponds to that
of the equivalent form. But we must bear in mind that the development of the
latter is only the expression and result of the development of the former.
The primarily or isolated relative form of value of one commodity converts
some other commodity into an isolated equivalent. The expanded form of rela
tive value, which is the expression of the value of one commodity in terms o
f all other commodities, endows those other commodities with the character o
f particular equivalents differing in kind. And lastly, a particular kind of
commodity acquires the character of universal equivalent, because all other
commodities make it the material in which they uniformly express their valu
e. The antagonism between the relative form of value and the equivalent fo
rm, the two poles of the value-form, is developed concurrently with that for
m itself. The first form, 20 yds. of linen = one coat, already contains th
is antagonism, without as yet fixing it. According as we read this equation
forwards or backwards, the parts played by the linen and the coat are differ
ent. In the one case the relative value of the linen is expressed in the coa
t, in the other case the relative value of the coat is expressed in the line
n. In this first form of value, therefore, it is difficult to grasp the pola
r contrast. Form B shows that only one single commodity at a time can comp
letely expand its relative value, and that it acquires this expanded form on
ly because, and in so far as, all other commodities are, with respect to it,
equivalents. Here we cannot reverse the equation, as we can the equation 20
yds. of linen = 1 coat, without altering its general character, and convert
ing it from the expanded form of value into the general form of value. Fin
ally, the form C gives to the world of commodities a general social relative
form of value, because, and in so far as, thereby all commodities, with the
exception of one, are excluded from the equivalent form. A single commodity
, the linen, appears therefore to have acquired the character of direct exch
angeability with every other commodity because, and in so far as, this chara
cter is denied to every other commodity.(25*) The commodity that figures a
s universal equivalent, is, on the other hand, excluded from the relative va
lue-form. If the linen, or any other commodity serving as universal equivale
nt, were, at the same time, to share in the relative form of value, it would
have to serve as its own equivalent. We should then have 20 yds of linen =
20 yds of linen; this tautology expresses neither value, nor magnitude of va
lue. In order to express the relative value of the universal equivalent, we
must rather reverse the form C. This equivalent has no relative value form o
f value in common with other commodities, but its value is relatively expres
sed by a never ending series of other commodities. Thus, the expanded form o
f relative value, or from B, now shows itself as the specific form of relati
ve value for the equivalent commodity. 3. Transition from the General form
of value to the Money-form
The universal equivalent form is a form of value in general. It can, therefo
re, be assumed by any commodity. On the other hand, if a commodity be found
to have assumed the universal equivalent form (form C), this is only because
and in so far as it has been excluded from the rest of all other commoditie
s as their equivalent, and that by their own act. And from the moment that t
his exclusion becomes finally restricted to one particular commodity, from t
hat moment only, the general form of relative value of the world of commodit
ies obtains real consistence and general social validity. The particular c
ommodity, with whose bodily form the equivalent form is thus socially identi
fied, now becomes the money commodity, or serves as money. It becomes the sp
ecial social function of that commodity, and consequently its social monopol
y, to play within the world of commodities the part of the universal equival
ent. Amongst the commodities which, in form B, figure as particular equivale
nts of the linen, and, in form C, express in common their relative values in
linen, this foremost place has been attained by one in particular -- namely
gold. If, then, in form C we replace the linen by gold, we get, D. The Mo
ney-form20 yards of linen = |
1 coat= |
10 lbs. of tea
= |
40 lbs. of coffee = | = 2 ounces of gold
1 qr. of corn
= |
1/2 a ton of iron = |
x commodity A
= |
In passing from form A to form B, and from the latter to form C, the changes
are fundamental. On the other hand, there is no difference between forms C
and D, except that, in the latter, gold has assumed the equivalent form in t
he place of linen. Gold is in the form D, what linen was in form C -- the un
iversal equivalent. The progress consists in this alone, that the character
of direct and universal exchangeability -- in other words, that the universa
l equivalent form -- has now, by social custom, become finally identified wi
th the substance, gold. Gold is now money with reference to all other comm
odities only because it was previously, with reference to them, a simple com
modity. Like all other commodities, it was also capable of serving as an equ
ivalent, either as simple equivalent in isolated exchanges, or as particular
equivalent by the side of others. Gradually it began to serve, within varyi
ng limits, as universal equivalent. So soon as it monopolises this position
in the expression of value for the world of commodities, it becomes the mone
y commodity, and then, and not till then, does form D become distinct from f
orm C, and the general form of value become changed into the money-form. T
he elementary expression of the relative value of a single commodity, such a
s linen, in terms of the commodity, such as gold, that plays the part of mon
ey, is the price-form of that commodity. The price-form of the linen is ther
efore 20 yards of linen = 2 ounces of gold, or, if 2 ounces of gold when co
ined are ?, 20 yards of linen = ?.
The difficulty in forming a concept of the money-form, consists in clearly c
omprehending the universal equivalent form, and as a necessary corollary, th
e general form of value, form C. The latter is deducible from form B, the ex
panded form of value, the essential component element of which, we saw, is f
orm A, 20 yards of linen = 1 coat or x commodity A = y commodity B. The simp
le commodity-form is therefore the germ of the money-form.
Section 4. -- The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret Thereof
A commodity appears, at first sight, a very trivial thing, and easily unders
tood. Its analysis shows that it is, in reality, a very queer thing, aboundi
ng in metaphysical subtleties and theological niceties. So far as it is a va
lue in use, there is nothing mysterious about it, whether we consider it fro
m the point of view that by its properties it is capable of satisfying human
wants, or from the point that those properties are the product of human lab
our. It is as clear as noon-day, that man, by his industry, changes the form
s of the materials furnished by Nature, in such a way as to make them useful
to him. The form of wood, for instance, is altered, by making a table out o
f it. Yet, for all that, the table continues to be that common, every-day th
ing, wood. But, so soon as it steps forth as a commodity, it is changed into
something
--
别梦依依到谢家
小廊回合曲阑斜
多情只有春庭月
犹为离人照落花
爱与不爱是最痛苦的徘徊※ 来源:.听涛站 cces.net.[FROM: 匿名天使的家]
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