philosophy 版 (精华区)
发信人: thwinson (新世纪孤独), 信区: philosophy
标 题: 9
发信站: 听涛站 (Wed Jan 3 11:17:46 2001), 转信
transcendent. It not only stands with its feet on the ground, but, in relati
on to all other commodities, it stands on its head, and evolves out of its w
ooden brain grotesque ideas, for more wonderful than "table-turning" ever wa
s. The mystical character of commodities does not originate, therefore, in
their use-value. Just as little does it proceed from the nature of the dete
rmining factors of value. For, in the first place, however varied the useful
kinds of labour, or productive activities, may be, it is a physiological fa
ct, that they are functions of the human organism, and that each such functi
on, whatever may be its nature or form, is essentially the expenditure of hu
man brain, nerves, muscles etc. Secondly, with regard to that which forms th
e ground-work for the quantitative determination of value, namely, the durat
ion of that expenditure, or the quantity of labour, it is quite clear that t
here is a palpable difference between its quantity and quality. In all state
s of society, the labour-time that it costs to produce the means of subsiste
nce, must necessarily be an object of interest to mankind, though not of equ
al interest in different stages of development.(26*) And lastly, from the mo
ment that men in any way work for one another, their labour assumes a social
form. When, then, arises the enigmatical character of the product of labo
ur, so soon as it assumes the form of commodities? Clearly from this form it
self. The equality of all sorts of human labour is expressed objectively by
their products all being equally values; the measure of the expenditure of l
abour-power by the duration of that expenditure, takes the form of the quant
ity of value of the products of labour; and finally, the mutual relations of
the producers, within which the social character of their labour affirms it
self, take the form of a social relation between the products.
A commodity is therefore a mysterious thing, simply because in it the social
character of men's labour appears to them as an objective character stamped
upon the product of that labour because the relation of the producers to th
e sum total of their own labour is presented to them as a social relation, e
xisting not between themselves, but between the products of their labour. Th
is is the reason why the products of labour become commodities, social thing
s whose qualities are at the same time perceptible and imperceptible by the
senses. In the same way the light from an object is perceived by us not as t
he subjective excitation of our optic nerve, but as the objective form of so
mething outside the eye itself. But, in the act of seeing, there is at all e
vents, an actual passage of light from one thing to another, from the extern
al object to the eye. There is a physical relation between physical things.
But it is different with commodities. There, the existence of the things qua
commodities, and the value-relation between the products of labour which st
amps them as commodities, have absolutely no connection with their physical
properties and with the material relations arising therefrom. There it is a
definite social relation between men, that assumes, in their eyes, the fanta
stic form of a relation between things. In order, therefore, to find an anal
ogy, we much have recourse to the mist-enveloped regions of the religious wo
rld. In that world the production of the human brain appear as independent b
eings endowed with life, and entering into relation both with one another an
d the human race. So it is in the world of commodities with the products of
men's hands. This I call the Fetishism which attaches itself to the products
of labour, so soon as they are produced as commodities, and which is theref
ore inseparable from the production of commodities. This Fetishism of comm
odities has its origin, as the foregoing analysis has already shown, in the
peculiar social character of the labour that produces them. As a general r
ule, articles of utility become commodities, only because they are products
of labour of private individuals or groups of individuals who carry on their
work independently of each other. The sum total of the labour of all these
private individuals forms the aggregate labour of society. Since the produce
rs do not come into social contact with each other until they exchange their
products, the specific social character of each producer's labour does not
show itself except in the act of exchange. In other words, the labour of the
individual asserts itself as a part of the labour of society, only by means
of the relations which the act of exchange establishes directly between the
products, and indirectly, through them, between the producers. To the latte
r, therefore, the relations connecting the labour of one individual with tha
t of the rest appear, not as direct social relations between individuals at
work, but as what they really are, material relations between persons and so
cial relations between things. It is only by being exchanged that the produc
ts of labour acquire, as values, one uniform social status, distinct from th
eir varied forms of existence as objects of utility. This division of a prod
uct into a useful thing and a value becomes practically important, only when
exchange has acquired such an extension that useful articles are produced f
or the purpose of being exchanged, and their character as values has therefo
re to be taken into account, beforehand, during production. From this moment
the labour of the individual producer acquires socially a two-fold characte
r. On the one hand, it must, as a definite useful kind of labour, satisfy a
definite social want, and thus hold its place as part and parcel of the coll
ective labour of all, as a branch of a social division of labour that has sp
rung up spontaneously. On the other hand, it can satisfy the manifold wants
of the individual producer himself, only in so far as the mutual exchangeabi
lity of all kinds of useful private labour is an established social fact, an
d therefore the private useful labour of each producer ranks on an equality
with that of all others. The equalisation of the most different kinds of lab
our can be the result only of an abstraction from their inequalities, or of
reducing them to their common denominator, viz., expenditure of human labour
-power in the abstract. The two-fold social character of the labour of the i
ndividual appears to him, when reflected in his brain, only under those form
s which are impressed upon that labour in every-day practice by the exchange
of products. In this way, the character that his own labour possesses of be
ing socially useful takes the form of the condition, that the product must b
e not only useful, but useful for others, and the social character that his
particular labour has of being the equal of all other particular kinds of la
bour, takes the form that all the physically different articles that are the
products of labour, have one common quality, viz., that of having value.
Hence, when we bring the products of our labour into relation with each othe
r as values, it is not because we see in these articles the material recepta
cles of homogeneous human labour. Quite the contrary: whenever, by an exchan
ge, we equate as values our different products, by that very act, we also eq
uate, as human labour, the different kinds of labour expended upon them. We
are not aware of this, nevertheless we do it.(27*) Value, therefore, does no
t stalk about with a label describing what it is. It is value, rather, that
converts every product into a social hieroglyphic. Later on, we try to decip
her the hieroglyphic, to get behind the secret of our own social products; f
or to stamp an object of utility as a value, is just as much a social produc
t as language. The recent scientific discovery, that the products of labour,
so far as they are values, are but material expressions of the human labour
spent in their production, marks, indeed, an epoch in the history of the de
velopment of the human race, but, by no means, dissipates the mist through w
hich the social character of labour appears to us to be an objective charact
er of the products themselves. The fact, that in the particular form of prod
uction with which we are dealing, viz., the production of commodities, the s
pecific social character of private labour carried on independently, consist
s in the equality of every kind of that labour, by virtue of its being human
labour, which character, therefore, assumes in the product the form of valu
e -- this fact appears to the producers, notwithstanding the discovery above
referred to, to be just as real and final, as the fact, that, after the dis
covery by science of the component gases of air, the atmosphere itself remai
ned unaltered. What, first of all, practically concerns producers when the
y make an exchange, is the question, how much of some other product they get
for their own? in what proportions the products are exchangeable? When thes
e proportion have, by custom, attained a certain stability, they appear to r
esult from the nature of the products, so that, for instance, one ton of iro
n and two ounces of gold appear as naturally to be of equal value as a pound
of gold and a pound of iron in spite of their different physical and chemic
al qualities appear to be of equal weight. The character of having value, wh
en once impressed upon products, obtains fixity only by reason of their acti
ng and re-acting upon each other as quantities of value. These quantities va
ry continually, independently of the will, foresight and action of the produ
cers. To them, their own social action takes the form of the action of objec
ts, which rule the producers instead of being ruled by them. It requires a f
ully developed production of commodities before, from accumulated experience
alone, the scientific conviction springs up, that all the different kinds o
f private labour, which are carried on independently of each other, and yet
as spontaneously developed branches of the social division of labour, are co
ntinually being reduced to the quantitative proportions in which society req
uires them. And why? Because, in the midst of all the accidental and ever fl
uctuating exchange-relations between the products, the labour-time socially
necessary for their production forcibly asserts itself like an over-riding l
aw of Nature. The law of gravity thus asserts itself when a house falls abou
t our ears.(28*) The determination of the magnitude of value by labour-time
is therefore a secret, hidden under the apparent fluctuations in the relativ
e values of commodities. Its discovery, while removing all appearance of mer
e accidentality from the determination of the magnitude of the values of pro
ducts, yet in no way alters the mode in which that determination takes place
. Man's reflections on the forms of social life, and consequently, also, h
is scientific analysis of those forms, take a course directly opposite to th
at of their actual historical development. He begins, post festum, with the
results of the process of development ready to hand before him. The characte
rs that stamp products as commodities, and whose establishment is a necessar
y preliminary to the circulation o
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别梦依依到谢家
小廊回合曲阑斜
多情只有春庭月
犹为离人照落花
爱与不爱是最痛苦的徘徊※ 来源:.听涛站 cces.net.[FROM: 匿名天使的家]
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