philosophy 版 (精华区)
发信人: thwinson (新世纪孤独), 信区: philosophy
标 题: 12
发信站: 听涛站 (Wed Jan 3 11:19:08 2001), 转信
267) Franklin is unconscious that by estimating the value of everything in l
abour, he makes abstractions from any differences in the sorts of labour exc
hanged, and thus reduces them all to equal human labour. But although ignora
nt of this, yet he says it. He speaks first of "the one labour" then of the
"other labour" and finally of "labour", without further qualification, as th
e substance of the value of everything.
18. In a sort of way, it is with man as with commodities. Since he comes int
o the world neither with a looking glass in his hand, nor as a Fichtian phil
osopher, to whom "I am I" is sufficient, man first sees and recognises himse
lf in other men. Peter only establishes his own identity as a man by first c
omparing himself with Paul as being of like kind. And thereby Paul, just as
he stands in his Pauline personality, becomes to Peter the type of the genus
homo.
19. Value is here, as occasionally in the preceding pages, used in the sense
of value determined as to quantity, or of magnitude of value.
20. This incongruity between the magnitude of value and its relative express
ion has, with customary ingenuity, been exploited by vulgar economists. For
example - "Once admit that A falls, because B, with which it is exchanged, r
ises, while no less labour is bestowed in the meantime on A, and your genera
l principle of value fails to the ground... If he [Ricardo] allowed that whe
n A rises in value relatively to B, B falls in value relatively to A, he cut
away the ground on which he rested his grand proposition, that the value of
a commodity is ever determined by the labour embodied in it; for if a chang
e in the cost of A alters not only its own value in relation to B, for which
it is exchanged, but also the value of B relatively to that of A, though no
change has taken place in the quantity of labour to produce B, then not onl
y the doctrine falls to the ground which asserts that the quantity of labour
bestowed on an article regulates its value, but also that which affirms the
cost of an article to regulate its value." (J. Broadhurst: Political Econom
y, London, 1842, p. 11 and 14. Mr. Broadhurst might just as well say: consid
er the fractions 10/20, 10/50, 10/100, etc., the number 10 remains unchanged
, and yet its proportional magnitude, its magnitude relative to the numbers
20, 50, 100, etc. continually diminishes. Therfore the great principlethat t
he magnitude of a whole number, such as 10, is "regulated" by the number of
times untity is contained in it, falls to the ground. -- [The author explain
s in section 4 of this chapter, p. 93, note 1, what he understands by "Vulga
r Economy" -- ED.]
21. Such expressions of relations in general, caled by Hegel reflex-categor
ies, form a very curious class. For instance, one man is king only because o
ther men stand in the relation of subjects to him. They, on the contrary, im
agine that they are subjects because he is king.
22. F.L. Ferrier, sous-inspecteur des douanes. "Du gouvernement considere da
ns ses rapports avec le commerce." Paris, 1805; and Charles Ganith, "Des Sys
temes d'Economie politique." 2nd ed., Paris, 1821.
23. In Homer, for instance, the value of an article is expressed in a series
of different thing. Iliad, VII., 472-475.
24. For this reason, we can speak of the coat-value of the linen when its v
alue is expressed in coats, or of its corn-value when expressed in corn, and
so on. Every such expression tells us, that what appears in the use-values,
coat, corn, etc., is the value of the linen. "The value of any commodity de
noting its relation in exchange, we may speak of it as... corn-value, cloth-
value, according to the commodity with which it is compared; and hence there
are a thousand different kinds of value, as many kinds of value as there ar
e commodities in existence, and all are equally real and equaliy nominal." (
A Critical Dissertation on the Nature, Measure and Causes of Value; chiefly
in reference to the writings of Mr. Ricardo and his followers. By the author
of "Essays on the Formation, etc., of Opinions." London, 1825, p. 39) S. Ba
iley, the author of this anonymous work, a work which in its day created muc
h stir in England, fancied that, by thus pointing out the various relative e
xpressions of one and the same value, he proved the impossibility of any det
ermination of the concept of value. How ever narrow his own views may have b
een, yet, that he laid his finger on some serious defects in the Ricardian T
heory, is proved by the animosity with which he was attacked by Ricardo's fo
llowers. See the Westminster Review for example.
25. It is by no means self-evident that this character of direct and univers
al exchangeability is, so to speak, a polar one, and as intimately connected
with its opposite pole, the absence of direct exchangeability, as the posit
ive pole of the magnet is with its negative counterpart. It may therefore be
imagined that all commodities can simultaneously have this character impres
sed upon them, just as it can be imagined that ali Cathoiics can be popes to
gether. It is, of course, highly desirable in the eyes of the petit bourgeoi
s, for whom the production of commodities is the ne plus ultra of human free
dom and individual independence, that the inconveniences resulting from this
character of commodities not being directly exchangeable, should be removed
. Proudhon's socialism is a working out of this Philistine Utopia, a form of
socialism which, as I have elsewhere shown, does not possess even the merit
of originality. Long before his time, the task was attempted with much bett
er success by Gray, Bray, and others. But, for all that, wisdom of this kind
flourishes even now in certain circles under the name of "science." Never h
as any school played more tricks with the word science, than that of Proudho
n, for
"wo Begriffe fehlen
Da stellt zur rechten Zeit ein Wort sich ein."
26. Among the ancient Germans the unit for measuring land was what could be
harvested in a day, and was called Tagwerk, Tagwanne (jurnale, or terra jur
nalis, or dionalis), Mannsmaad, etc. (See G.L. von Maurer, Einleitung zur Ge
schichte der Mark --, etc. Verfasung, Muchen, 1859, p. 129-59).
27. When, therefore, Galiani says: Value is a relation between persons -- "L
a Ricchezza e una ragione tra due personne" -- he ought to have added: a rel
ation between persons expressed as a relation between things. (Galiani: Dell
a Moneta, p. 221, V, III of Custodi's collection of "Scrittori Classici Ital
iani di Economia Politica", Parte Moderna, Milano, 1803.)
28. "What are we to think of a law that asserts itself only by periodical re
volution? It is just nothing but a law of Nature, founded on the want of kno
wledge of those whose action is the subject of it." (Friedrich Engels: Umris
se zu einer Kritik der Nations Iokonomie" in the "Deutsch-franzosische Jarhb
ucher" edited by Arnold Ruge and Karl Marx. Paris, 1844.
29. Even Ricardo has his stories a la Robinson. "He makes the primitive hunt
er and the primitive fisher straightway, as owners of commodities, exchange
fish and game in the proportion in which labour-time is incorporated in thes
e exchange values. On this occasion he commits the anachronism of making the
se men apply to the calculation, so far as their implements have to be taken
into account, the annuity tables in current use on the London Exchange in t
he year 1817. "The parallelograms of Mr Owen" appear to be the only form of
society besides the bourgeois form, with which he was acquainted." (Karl Mar
x "Critique, etc., p. 69-70)
30. "A ridiculous presumption has latterly got abroad that common property i
n its primitive form is specifically a Slavonian or even exclusively Russian
form. It is the primitive form that we can prove to have existed amongst ru
ins though they be, in India. A more exhaustive study of Asiatic, and especi
ally of Indian forms of common property, would show how from the different f
orms of primitive common property, different forms of its dissolution have b
een developed. Thus, for instance, the various original types of Roman and T
eutonic private property are deducible from different forms of Indian common
property," (Karl Marx. "Critique, etc., p. 29 footnot.)
31. The insufficiency of Ricardo's analysis of the magnitude of value, and h
is analysis is by far the best, will appear from the 3rd and 4th book of thi
s work. As regards values in general, it is the weak point of the classical
school of political economny that it nowhere, expressly and with full consci
ousness, distinguishes between labour, as it appears in the value of a produ
ct and the same labour, as it appears in the use-value of that product. Of c
ourse the distinction is practically made since this school treats labour, a
t one time under its quantitative aspect, at another under its qualitative a
spect. But it has not the least idea, that when the difference between vario
us kinds of labour is treated as purely quantitative, their qualitative unit
y or equality, and therefore their reduction to abstract human labour, is im
plied. For instance, Ricardo declares that he agrees with Destutt de Tracy i
n this proposition: "As it is certain that our physical and moral faculties
are alone our original riches, the employment of those faculties, labour of
some kind, is Our only original treasure, and it is always from this employm
ent that all those things are created, which we call riches.... It is certai
n, too, that all those things only represent the labour which has created th
em, and if they have a value, or even two distinct values, they can only der
ive them from that (the value) of the labour from which they emanate." (Rica
rdo, The Principles of Pol. Econ. 3 Ed. Lond. 1821, p. 334) We would here on
ly point out that Ricardo puts his own more profound interpretation upon the
words of Destutt. What the latter really says is, that on the one hand all
things which constitute wealth represent the labour that creates them, but t
hat On the other hand, they acquire their "two different values" (use-value
and exchange-value) from "the value of labour." He thus falls into the commo
nplace error of the vulgar economists, who assume the value of one commodity
(in this case labour) in order to determine the values of the rest. But Ric
ardo reads him as if he had said, that labour (not the value of labour) is e
mbodied both in use-value and exchange-value. Nevertheless, Ricardo himself
pays so little attention to the two-fold character of the labour which has a
two-fold
--
别梦依依到谢家
小廊回合曲阑斜
多情只有春庭月
犹为离人照落花
爱与不爱是最痛苦的徘徊※ 来源:.听涛站 cces.net.[FROM: 匿名天使的家]
Powered by KBS BBS 2.0 (http://dev.kcn.cn)
页面执行时间:1.991毫秒