philosophy 版 (精华区)
发信人: thwinson (新世纪孤独), 信区: philosophy
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发信站: 听涛站 (Wed Jan 3 11:19:36 2001), 转信
embodiment, that he devotes the whole of his chapter on "Value and Riches, T
heir Distinctive Properties," to a laborious examination of the trivialities
of a J.B. Say. And at the finish he is quite astonished to find that Destut
t on the one hand agrees with him as to labour being the source of value, an
d on the other hand with J.B. Say as to the notion of value.
32. It is one of the chief failings of classical economy that it has never
succeeded, by means of its analysis of commodities, and, in particular, of t
heir value, in discovering that form under which value becomes exchange-valu
e. Even Adam Smith and Ricardo, the best representatives of the school, trea
t the form of value as a thing of no importance, as having no connection wit
h the inherent nature of commodities. The reason for this is not solely beca
use their attention is entirely absorbed in the analysis of the magnitude of
value. It lies deeper. The value form of the product of labour is not only
the most abstract, but is also the most universal form, taken by the product
in bourgeois production, and stamps that production as a particular species
of social production, and thereby gives it its special historical character
. If then we treat this mode of production as one it its eternally fixed by
nature for every state of society, we necessarily overlook that which is the
differentia specifica of the value-form, and consequently of the commodity-
form, and of its further developments, money-form, capital-form, etc. We con
sequently find that economists, who are thoroughly agreed as to labour time
being the measure of the magnitude of value, have the most strange and contr
adictory ideas of money, the perfected form of the general equivalent. This
is seen in a striking manner when they treat of banking, where the commonpla
ce definitions of money will no longer hold water. This led to the rise of a
restored mercantile system (Ganilh, etc.), which sees in value nothing but
a social form, or rather the unsubstantial ghost of that form. Once for all
I may here state, that by classical political economy, I understand that eco
nomy which, since the time of W. Petty, has investigated the real relations
of production in bourgeois society, in contradistinction to vulgar economy,
which deals with appearances only, ruminates without ceasing on the material
s long since provided by scientific economy, and there seeks plausible expla
nations of the most obtrusive phenomena, for bourgeois daily use, but for th
e rest, confines itself to systematizing in a pedantic way, and proclaiming
for everlasting truths, the trite ideas held by the self-complacent bourgeoi
sie with regard to their own world, to them the best of all possible worlds.
33. "The economists have a singular manner of proceeding. There are for the
m only two kinds of institutions, those of art and those of nature. Feudal i
nstitutions are artificial institutions, those of the bourgeoisie are natura
l institutions. In this they resemble the theologians, who also establish tw
o kinds of religion Every religion but their own is an invention of men, whi
le their own religion is an emanation from God... Thus there has been histor
y, but there is no longer any." Karl Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy, A Repl
y to 'La Philosophie de la Misere' by Mr Proudhon. 1847, p. 100. Truly comic
al is M. Bastiat, who imagines that the ancient Greeks and Romans lived by p
lunder alone. But when people plunder for centuries, there must always be so
mething at hand for them to seize; the objects of plunder must be continuall
y reproduced. It would thus appear that even Greeks and Romans had some proc
ess of production, consequently, an economy, which just as much constituted
the material basis of their world, as bourgeois economy constitutes that of
our modern world. Or perhaps Bastiat means, that a mode of production based
on slavery is based on a system of plunder. In that case he treads on danger
ous ground. If a giant thinker like Aristotle erred in his appreciation of s
lave labour, why should a dwarf economist like Bastiat be right in his appre
ciation of wage labour? - I seize this opportunity of shortly answering an o
bjection taken by a German paper in America, to my work, "Critique of Politi
cal Economy, l859." In the estimation of that paper, my view that each speci
al mode of production and the social relations corresponding to it, in short
, that the economic structure of society, is the real basis on which the jur
idical and political superstructure is raised, and to which definite social
forms of thought correspond; that the mode of production determines the char
acter of the social, political, and intellectual life generally, all this is
very true for our own times, in which material interests preponderate, but
not for the middle ages, in which Catholicism, nor for Athens and Rome, wher
e politics, reigned supreme. In the first place it strikes one as an odd thi
ng for any one to suppose that these well-worn phrases about the middle ages
and the ancient world are unknown to anyone else. This much, however, is cl
ear, that the middle ages could not live on Catholicism, nor the ancient wor
ld on politics. On the contrary, it is the mode in which they gained a livel
ihood that explains why here politics, and there Catholicism, played the chi
ef part. For the rest, it requires but a slight acqusintance with the histor
y of the Roman republic, for example, to be aware that its secret history is
the history of its landed property. On the other hand, Don Quixote long ago
paid the penalty for wrongly imagining that knight errantry was compatible
with all economical forms of society.
34. Observations on certain verbal disputes in Pol. Econ., particularly rel
ating to value and to demand and supply. Lond., 1821, p. 16.
35. S. Bailey, l.c., p. 165.
36. The author of "Observations" and S. Bailey accuse Ricardo of converting
exchange value from something relative into something absolute. The opposite
is the fact. He has explained the apparent relation between objects, such a
s diamonds and pearls, in which relation they appear as exchange values, and
disclosed the true relation hidden behind the appearances, namely, their re
lation to each other as mere expressions of human labour. If the followers o
f Ricardo answer Bailey somewhat rudely, and by no means convincingly, the r
eason is to be sought in this, that they were unable to find in Ricardo's ow
n works any key to the hidden relations existing between value and its form,
exchange value.
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