Life 版 (精华区)

发信人: amethyst (紫晶), 信区: Other
标  题: 5
发信站: 听涛站 (Sat Jan  2 15:13:02 1999), 转信

发信人: qhan (哭乐), 信区: AdvancedEdu 
标　题: 5 
发信站: BBS 水木清华站 (Wed Dec 23 07:50:31 1998) 
 
 
 
                                        October 5, 1998      
              概 述 美 国 的 大 学 和 大 学 生 （ 节 录 ）  
 
              　 　 《 美 国 新 闻 与 世 界 报 导 》 杂 志 一 年 一 度 的 
 美 国 大 学 排 行 榜 
              极 具 权 威 性 ， 它 按 十 八 项 标 准 ， 如 学 术 声 望 、 
 录 取 率 、 校 友 捐 
              款 率 、 毕 业 率 和 师 资 等 等 数 据 都 列 入 计 算 ， 以 
 一 套 复 杂 的 公 式 
              算 出 各 大 学 的 总 分 ， 并 列 表 公 布 。 每 到 这 期 杂 
 志 出 版 之 时 ， 望 
              子 成 龙 的 家 长 们 总 会 把 杂 志 抢 购 一 空  
 
              　 　 美 国 大 学 很 多 ， 从 三 百 六 十 多 年 前 移 民 美 
 国 的 清 教 徒 创 立 
              全 美 第 一 所 大 学 ─ ─ 哈 佛 大 学 后 ， 美 国 的 高 等 
 教 育 继 承 了 欧 洲 
              古 老 大 学 如 英 国 剑 桥 大 学 和 牛 津 大 学 的 传 统 ， 
 发 展 到 今 天 已 有 
              两 千 六 百 多 所 颁 发 学 士 、 硕 士 及 博 士 学 位 的 四 
 年 制 大 学 ， 而 两 
              年 制 的 社 区 学 院 则 多 达 三 千 四 百 所 。  
 
              　 　 这 些 大 学 形 形 色 色 ， 各 式 各 样 ， 大 的 如 德 
 克 萨 斯 大 学 奥 斯 
              汀 分 校 有 将 近 五 万 多 学 生 ， 小 的 如 加 利 福 尼 亚 
 州 的 「 深 春 学 院 
              」 (Deep Springs College) 只 有 二 十 六 个 学 生 。 有 的 
 大 学 校 园 广 阔 美 
              丽 ， 设 备 齐 全 ， 有 的 大 学 则 设 在 闹 市 中 几 栋 貌 
 不 出 众 的 教 学 楼 
              里 ， 校 园 和 市 区 没 有 什 么 边 界 线 。 美 国 的 大 学 
 有 公 立 私 立 之 分 
              ， 有 四 年 制 两 年 制 之 分 ， 有 区 域 性 大 学 和 全 国 
 大 学 之 分 ， 有 专 
              科 学 院 和 综 合 学 院 之 分 ， 有 单 收 男 生 、 单 收 女 
 生 、 和 男 女 合 校 
              的 大 学 之 分 ， 有 注 重 研 究 的 大 学 和 注 重 本 科 教 
 育 的 学 院 之 分 ， 
              有 主 要 给 某 教 派 信 徒 设 立 的 大 学 如 纽 约 著 名 的 
 犹 太 教 大 学 叶 西 
              瓦 大 学 （ Yeshiva University ） 和 有 的 完 全 独 立 、  
与 哪 个 教 派 都 扯 不 
              上 关 系 的 大 学 之 分 。 每 个 大 学 的 日 程 表 、 教 纲 
 、 教 育 宗 旨 、 乃 
              至 给 教 师 开 的 工 资 都 大 不 相 同 。 乍 一 看 ， 真 会 
 让 人 眼 花 撩 乱 。  
 
              公 立 大 学 和 私 立 大 学  
 
              　 　 美 国 的 教 育 系 统 发 达 ， 五 十 个 州 里 每 个 州 
 都 有 好 几 所 乃 至 
              几 十 所 公 立 大 学 ， 有 的 是 州 里 建 立 的 州 立 大 学 
 ， 有 的 则 是 某 个 
              郡 （ county ， 又 译 作 「 县 」 ， 州 以 下 的 单 位 ）  
设 立 的 社 区 大 学 。 
              州 立 大 学 一 般 本 科 都 是 四 年 制 ， 合 格 的 毕 业 生 
 颁 发 给 学 士 学 位 
              ； 与 私 立 大 学 相 比 ， 这 些 公 立 大 学 最 大 的 好 处 
 就 是 学 费 比 较 便 
              宜 ， 如 果 你 是 当 地 的 居 民 ， 就 更 会 给 你 优 惠 的 
 价 格 。 比 如 阿 肯 
              色 大 学 ， 对 当 地 居 民 所 收 的 学 费 一 年 只 有 二 千 
 三 百 多 美 元 ， 加 
              上 食 宿 费 用 ， 一 年 也 不 过 只 要 六 千 多 美 元 ， 就 
 连 外 州 的 学 生 交 
              的 学 费 也 不 过 一 万 元 ； 一 些 两 年 制 的 社 区 学 院 
 每 年 的 学 费 更 是 
              便 宜 。 相 比 之 下 ， 耶 鲁 、 哈 佛 这 些 学 校 一 年 三 
 万 多 美 元 的 学 费 
              简 直 令 人 瞠 目 结 舌 。 当 然 ， 比 较 优 秀 的 州 立 大 
 学 ， 如 密 西 根 大 
              学 ， 对 非 本 州 居 民 也 漫 天 要 价 ， 学 费 竟 是 本 州 
 居 民 的 三 倍 多 。 
              州 立 大 学 对 本 州 居 民 所 收 的 学 费 之 所 以 便 宜 ， 
 是 因 为 州 政 府 每 
              年 从 税 收 里 都 会 有 专 门 的 经 费 拨 给 它 们 。 由 于 
 经 费 来 源 的 重 要 
              部 份 是 本 州 居 民 ─ ─ 也 就 是 州 里 的 纳 税 人 们 ， 
 因 此 在 入 学 方 面 
              上 当 然 受 制 不 少 ─ ─ 要 对 本 州 的 申 请 学 生 要 适 
 当 降 低 条 件 ， 有 
              所 照 顾 。 例 如 加 州 大 学 系 统 ， 其 大 学 部 共 有 八 
 个 在 加 州 不 同 区 
              域 的 分 校 ， 如 柏 克 莱 分 校 、 洛 杉 矶 分 校 等 ， 而 
 其 学 生 百 分 之 九 
              十 以 上 来 自 加 利 福 尼 亚 本 州 。  
 
              　 　 在 美 国 联 邦 教 育 委 员 会 的 数 据 库 可 以 查 到 
 ， 美 国 从 九 十 年 
              代 初 开 始 ， 每 年 投 入 教 育 的 经 费 超 过 四 千 亿 美 
 元 。 美 国 庞 大 的 
              教 育 经 费 来 源 主 要 有 三 条 渠 道 ： 一 是 联 邦 政 府 
 拨 款 ； 二 是 各 州 
              地 方 税 收 中 约 有 三 分 之 一 投 入 教 育 ； 三 是 私 人 
 财 团 的 捐 款 ─ ─ 
              这 是 一 笔 不 小 的 数 目 ， 美 国 财 团 捐 资 不 搞 赞 助 
 明 星 之 类 锦 上 添 
              花 的 事 ， 而 乐 于 向 教 育 事 业 捐 款 。  
 
              　 　 私 立 学 校 财 政 独 立 ， 不 受 州 政 府 管 辖 ， 财 
 源 充 足 的 大 学 自 
              然 可 以 自 己 决 定 收 多 少 学 生 ， 收 什 么 样 的 学 生 
 ， 等 等 。 这 样 一 
              来 ， 私 立 学 院 往 往 录 取 的 标 准 比 较 严 格 ， 录 取 
 率 也 就 比 公 立 大 
              学 低 ， 所 录 取 的 学 生 素 质 则 比 公 立 大 学 的 要 高 
 。 《 美 国 新 闻 与 
              世 界 报 导 》 （ U.S. News & World Report ） 一 九 九 七  
年 公 布 名 校 排 行 
              榜 上 ， 前 二 十 五 名 全 国 性 大 学 中 ， 只 有 三 所 是 
 公 立 大 学 ─ ─ 弗 
              吉 尼 亚 大 学 ， 加 州 大 学 柏 克 莱 分 校 和 密 西 根 大 
 学 ， 名 次 也 都 在 
              二 十 名 之 外 。 当 然 ， 也 有 许 多 原 本 很 优 秀 的 私 
 立 学 院 最 近 因 为 
              经 费 紧 缺 而 不 得 不 放 松 标 准 ， 收 一 些 他 们 原 来 
 绝 不 会 收 的 学 生 
              。 这 类 有 财 政 困 难 的 学 院 因 为 无 钱 维 修 旧 设 备 
 增 添 新 设 备 ， 也 
              无 法 用 优 厚 的 工 资 来 吸 引 优 秀 教 授 ， 一 般 教 育 
 质 量 也 会 下 降 ， 
              形 成 恶 性 循 环 。 也 有 以 前 并 不 起 眼 的 学 院 因 为 
 意 外 地 得 到 大 笔 
              捐 款 而 从 此 处 处 逢 源 ， 步 步 青 云 ， 受 到 全 国 优 
 秀 学 生 的 青 睐 而 
              在 排 行 榜 上 向 上 猛 蹿 的 。 位 于 乔 治 亚 州 亚 特 兰 
 大 附 近 的 艾 莫 利 
              大 学 就 是 一 例 ， 由 原 来 名 不 见 经 传 ， 到 高 居 名 
 校 排 行 榜 第 九 位 
              ， 与 哥 伦 比 亚 大 学 、 加 州 理 工 学 院 平 起 平 坐 。 
 因 此 可 见 ， 象 牙 
              塔 里 的 大 学 也 无 法 摆 脱 现 实 问 题 的 影 响 和 困 扰 
 。  
 
 
 
                     
 
 
 
 
                                Copyright(C) 1998, infinity interactive,  
inc.. All rights reserved. 
 
 
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※ 来源:·BBS 水木清华站 bbs.net.tsinghua.edu.cn·[FROM: bbs.huizhou.gd.] 

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※ 来源:．听涛站 bbs.foundernet.edu．[FROM: unknown]