foreign_lg 版 (精华区)
发信人: ZhouHui (好好学习), 信区: foreign_lg
标 题: 美国得高等教育
发信站: 听涛站 (Fri Apr 6 12:34:06 2001), 转信
Higher Education
More than a third of all students are women. Although many women who have re
ceived higher education do not spend the whole of their lives following care
ers for which their education has prepared them, it is accepted that the ben
efits of a university career are useful even for those who do not work in th
e ordinary sense. Many women work as teachers, particularly in junior school
s; but only a small minority of university teachers are women, and very few
women indeed are heads of departments or in other very senior positions.
With so great a proportion of the young people entering higher education the
re is a problem of maintaining academic standards, and the process can be pa
inful. Half of those who embark on higher studies fail to graduate. The numb
er who drop out after one or two years is disturbingly large, though there i
s evidence that even incomplete university study gives a person better caree
r prospects than none at all. On the other hand, one in five of all who rece
ive bachelors' degrees go on to take higher degrees, so the number of people
receiving higher degrees each year, representing at least six years' study
at university level, is by now over 100,000.
All this effort in education is very expensive. Some of the cost come from f
ees and benefactions, particularly towards research, but most have to be pai
d from public funds. Parents favour big expenditures on higher education; a
wider public opinion favours them for idealistic and cultural reasons, and b
ecause of the supposed value of education as an investment by society. Sovie
t technological success gave a new stimulus in the 1960s, but the 1970s have
brought a new drive for economy and even some retrenchment.
The first universities were developed by private charitable organizations, m
any of which were religious bodies. The private universities are still very
important, and most of the best-known institutions, like Harvard, Yale and P
rinceton, are private. However, each state has provided at least one univers
ity within its own territory and in a big state there are several dozens of
state 'campuses'. Some of the state universities are general universities pr
oviding all faculties and all types of instruction, but there are also some
state colleges for particular subjects, such as agriculture. Recently some o
f these special colleges have been converted into general universities. Ever
y state university provides education to residents of the state either free
of charge or at low fees, though students normally have to buy their books a
nd to pay for the cost of living while they are studying.Some universities a
re provided by municipalities of large towns and some which were originally
private are now partly or even wholly supported by the municipalities. The g
reat private universities have many advantages---ge, tradition, long-establi
shed reputations. They are constantly appealing for funds from their 'alumni
' (former students) and often obtain immense sums.
Most of the principal state universities have between 10,000 and 30,000 stud
ents, and some have increased rapidly in the past few years. Private univers
ities and colleges are generally smaller, and although they are more numerou
s than public institutions they have a smaller total number of students than
those in public institutions. The private colleges vary very much in standa
rds and reputation, from the world-famous and select to the cranky and the o
bscure.
There are also many junior colleges to which students may be admitted at the
end of their high school career, providing only the first two years of univ
ersity work. By 1964 there were nearly 600 junior colleges, most of them pro
vided and controlled by the public authorities. The total number of students
in the junior colleges was over 600,000, and nearly nine-tenths of these we
re in public colleges. Some of these continue in full-scale universities, ot
hers do not.
Obviously with a total of 2,000 universities and colleges there must be grea
t differences in quality and reputation among them. Many have achievements s
ubstantial enough for them to be well known all over the world, but among th
ese there are a few which are outstanding in their reputation, both national
ly and internationally. These include a few private institutions in various
parts, and several of the greatest state universities, but none surpass the
group of old private north-eastern universities commonly known as the Ivy Le
ague. Their old social-elite reputations are by now overshadowed by the repu
tation of their graduate schools as intellectual-elite centres. Their fees a
re high, but most graduate students have scholarships of some kind.
The best known of all is Harvard, which is situated in Cambridge, Massachuse
tts, in the urban area of Boston. Yale (founded in 1701) is in New Haven, be
tween Boston and New York. There is much in common between Harvard and Yale,
and together they occupy a position in American university life rather like
Oxford and Cambridge in England. A remarkable number of the men who hold pr
ominent positions in public life and the big corporations were educated at o
ne of these two. There is a certain prejudice against the kind of privilege
which is associated in the public mind with these institutions, and that is
not surprising in view of the American ideal of equality. For undergraduate
studies Harvard and Yale are probably somewhat more privileged, in the old (
social) sense of the word, than Oxford and Cambridge in England, but they ar
e closely followed in pre-eminence by several other institutions such as Pri
nceton (founded in 1746), now surrounded by New Jersey suburbs , and Columbi
a ( founded in 1754) with its ugly buildings, which is close to the New York
Negro quarter of Harlem. There are also many smaller institutions, mainly i
n the north-east, which have reputations equal to those of the Ivy League sc
hools, but refuse to increase their numbers, believing that their small size
is one of the characteristics which gives them their special quality. Some
of these are liberal arts colleges, without graduate schools or courses of p
ractical application. Most of the north-eastern institutions of this kind we
re originally founded for men or women only, and continued as singlesex inst
itutions into the 1960s, at least at undergraduate level. Here the 1970s hav
e brought a major revolution, with this kind of segregation gradually elimin
ated. Old traditions have yielded to the pressure of new social trends.
For the most part Americans think that there is some advantage in attending
one of the better known private institutions, in spite of the higher cost, r
ather than a state university. However, the state universities are becoming
increasingly important, and some of them, particulary in the mid-west have a
reputation practically equal to that of the private ones. Almost every stat
e by now has several university institutions directly under the authority of
the state government. Some of these are quite old: the University of North
Carolina, at Chapel Hill, was opened in 1795. A federal law of 1862 enabled
states to establish and grant colleges for agriculture and mechanic arts, an
d many old land grand colleges have been converted into full universities du
ring the past fifty years.
In general, each state has one senior university or campus, usually in a sma
ll town dominated by the university. Some of the best known of these are in
the near mid-western states, such as the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor
, and the University of Wisconsin at Madison, which is also the state capita
l. In 1967 the University of Minnesota had 38,000 students in one big city c
ampus. A few of the small university towns have suggestive names, like Oxfor
d (Mississippi) and Athens (Gorgia). Many new state universities have been f
ounded since 1945, and the process continues as the states have to provide f
or most of the current growth.
California has a special system. There is a single University of California,
divided into many separate campuses. The best-known of these are U.C.L.A. (
Los Angeles) and the University of California at Berkeley, which is a town w
ithin the urban area of San Francisco. Both are among the most distinguished
of all American university institutions, and Berkeley is particularly famou
s for the number of Nobel prize winners among its teachers.
Many students must find living accommodation away from home, and large numbe
rs of students' houses have been built. (Until recently they were called 'do
rmitories', but now the term residence hall is used.) They are generally ade
quate and modern but rather cramped. Outside a residence hall for women stud
ents at the beginning of term one may see a father bringing his daughter in
the car, taking out of the back a large stock or clothes on their hangers, g
oing into the building and then ten minutes later coming out again carrying
most of them because there is no room.
Students are well provided with recreational facilities, both in the residen
ce halls and outside. But a student at a university in a small town lives hi
s life mainly on the campus, which becomes a self-contained world rather iso
lated from the ordinary community. There is not much scope for students to s
it and talk in cafes. Also meals are provided in students' cafeteria-type ca
mpus restaurants, where the food is usually good and varied and a little che
aper than outside.
It has always been common for students to work to earn money, not only in va
cations but also, when practicable, by doing part-time jobs during term-time
. As the total cost of study and living may be $2,000 to $3,000 a year these
earnings are useful and often essential, and mostly students do rather unsk
illed work. Some students do paid work for the university at which they stud
y, in the library or the restaurant, or even by acting as lifeguards at a ba
thing-place. Others work outside. One popular occupation is that of porter a
t a supermarket, carrying housewives' groceries out to their cars.
Since 1958 the financial position of students has been improved by the provi
sion of loans by the Federal government. The National Defence Education Act
of 1958 enabled students to borrow money to help with their expenses, provid
ed that they needed the money and had a good academic record after a period
of study, and by 1965, 750,000 students had received loans, amounting to up
to $1,000 a year per student. The Higher Education Act of 1965 was an import
ant new development, allowing students to receive loans in their first year
at college, on the basis of need alone. Students may take up to eleven years
to repay the loans, though those who themselves become teachers in public s
chools only have to repay a portion of the loan. Those who teach in depresse
d areas are specially favoured and each year of depressed-area teaching wipe
s out fifteen per cent of the loan received.
美 国 高 等 教 育
美国女大学生占大学生总数的三分之一以上。虽然许多受过高等教育的妇女并非终生从
事学用一致的职业,但是,众所公认,即使她们不从事一般人所认为的工作,上过大学
对她们也颇有益处。许多妇女当教师,尤其是当初级学校教师;不过,在大学教师中,
女教师很少,而妇女担任各部门首脑或其它高级职务的确是绝无仅有的。?
受高等教育的青年如此之多,便存在坚持大学学术标准的问题,而这有时是煞费苦心的
。高等学院有一半学生不能毕业,学一两年后退学的多得惊人。然而,有迹象表明,一
个人即使大学肄业也比根本未上大学要有更好的就业前景。另一方面,五分之一的学士
学位获得者继续攻读更高学位。因而,如今每年获得更高学位、表明起码在大学深造了
六年的人已超过了十万之数。?
美国抓高等教育所尽的一切努力耗资极大。某些费用特别是科研费来源于学费与捐款。
但是多数费用必须由公共基金支付。家长支持投入大笔经费抓高等教育;基于理想上和
文化上的缘由,并且因为教育作为社会的一项投资具有假定的价值,广泛舆论支持投入
巨款抓高等教育。六十年代,苏联的工业技术成就给了美国新的刺激,但是在七十年代
却导致美国掀起了节约运动,甚至导致经费缩减。?
美国最早的大学是由私立慈善组织兴办发展的。这些慈善组织中有许多是宗教团体。私
立大学在美国仍然十分重要,且多数最著名的大学如哈佛、耶鲁和普林斯顿都为私立大
学。但是,美国各州在本州内至少拨款办一所州立大学。大的州有数十所州立院校。某
些州立大学是院系专业齐备的也由市政当局资助。大型私立大学有许多优越性:历史悠
久、富有传统并久负盛名。它们经常呼吁校友们捐助,并经常得到一笔笔巨额捐款。
美国多数主要的州立大学有一万至三万名学生,而近几年来某些州立大学学生数激增。
私立高等院校一般规模较小。虽然私立院校要比公立院校多,但其学生总数却比公立院
校的少。私立院校的水平与声誉彼此相差甚远,从举世闻名、出类拔萃到动荡不稳或默
默无闻的都有。
美国还有许多只开设大学头两年课程的初级院校,中学生毕业后可上此类学校。至一九
六四年止,美国已拥有近六百所初级院校。它们多数由政府当局拨款和管理。美国有六
十万以上的初级大学生,其中近十分之九就读于公立初级院校。一部分初级大学生转入
四年制本科
显然,美国的高等院校有两千所之多,彼此之间,在质量与声誉方面必然差别很大。许
多院校有实际的重大成就,足以闻名全球,但其中只有少数几所院校在国内外享有崇高
盛誉。这些院校包括各地的数所私立院校和数所最大的州立大学。但是它们都无法胜过
通称为“常春藤联盟”的美国东北部古老的八所名牌私立大学的团体。如今,它们多年
的社会名流声誉与自己的研究院作为知识名流中心的声誉相比已黯然失色。这些研究院
学费昂贵,但多数研究生总有某种奖学金。
在所有大学中,哈佛大学最负盛名,它坐落于马萨诸塞州波士顿市区的剑桥。耶鲁大学
(创立于一七○一年)位于波士顿和纽约之间的纽黑文港市。哈佛和耶鲁有许多共同之处
,它们一起在美国大学生活中占有一席之地,颇像英国的牛津和剑桥。在社会生活和大
企业中有相当一部分身居要职潮流的压力下屈服了。
? 尽管私立院校费用较高,美国人多半认为上较著名的私立院校有某种优越性,而不愿
上州立大学。然而,州立大学日趋重要,某些州立大学,特别是中西部的,实际上与私
立院校齐名。如今,几乎各州都有数所州政府直接管辖的高等院校。其中某些州立大学
历史相当悠久,如设在查珀尔希尔的北卡罗来纳州大学,创立于一七九五年。一八六二
年制定的联邦法允许各州创办由政府拨赠土地的农科或机械技术专科学院。近五十年来
,许多政府赠地的古老专科学院已经改为完备的综合大学。?
一般各州均有一所老牌的大学或分校,它通常在以大学为主的小城镇里。其中某些最著
名的学府则在美国中西部附近各州,如设在安阿伯的密歇根大学和麦迪逊的威斯康星大
学。麦迪逊又是威斯康星州的首府。一九六七年,明尼苏达大学的一所大城市分校就有
三万八千名学生。数所小型大学城有象征性名称,如牛津(在密西西比州)和雅典(在佐治
亚州)。一九四五年以来,许多新的州立大学相继创办起来了,而这种情况会持续不断,
因为各州必须满足当前发展的大部分需要。?
加利福尼亚州有特殊的体系。它只有一所加利福尼亚大学,分为许多独立的分校。其中
最著名的是加州大学洛杉矶分校和加州大学伯克利校本部,伯克利是旧金山市区的一座
城镇。两者皆居美国最著名高等学府之列,加州大学伯克利校本部尤以其获诺贝尔奖金
的教师众多而闻名。
美国的许多大学生必须离家住宿。大量的大学生住房已经落成(不久前人们还称之为“宿
舍”,而如今却用“住宿大楼”的字眼),它们一般足够学生住宿,有现代设施,但却颇
为拥挤。开学初,人们可以在女大学生住宿大楼外看到父亲开车送女儿来上学,他从车
后取出一大推挂在衣架上的衣服,走入大楼,十分钟后,又带着大部分衣服走出来,因
为根本无处放置。?
住宿大楼内外都为大学生配备了完善的娱乐设施。但是,小城镇大学的学生主要生活在
校园里,校园就成了一个与普通社会隔绝的独立天地。校内咖啡馆没有太多的地方供学
生就座交谈。此外,校园里学生自助式餐馆供应三餐,那里的食品通常美味可口,品种
繁多,还略比校外便宜。
大学生干活挣钱历来是家常便饭。他们不但在假期干活,若条件许可,开学期间也打零
工。由于每年的学习与生活费用总共可能需要两千至三千美元,这些收入很顶用,而且
常常是必要的。大学生多数干的只是些无需技能的粗重活。有的受雇于本校的图书馆或
餐馆,甚至充当游泳场的救生员,有的则在校外干活。大学生最盛行的就是到超级市场
当搬运工,把家庭主妇的食品杂货搬到她们的汽车上。?
一九五八年以来,美国联邦政府的贷款规定改善了大学生的经济状况。一九五八年制定
的美国全国国防教育条例规定:美国大学生可以借款以补助其费用,条件是他们确是缺
钱用并且学习一段时间后学业成绩优良。至一九六五年止,得到贷款的美国大学生已有
七十五万
--
古人云:言多必失
※ 来源:.听涛站 cces.net.[FROM: 匿名天使的家]
Powered by KBS BBS 2.0 (http://dev.kcn.cn)
页面执行时间:12.053毫秒